Move video frame release logic to VideoFrameReleaseControl

This change moves the release timestamp adjustment logic out of
MediaCodecVideoRenderer and into a standalone component, the
VideoFrameReleaseControl. The plan for VideoFrameReleaseControl is to use
it:
- from MediaCodecVideoRenderer, when ExoPlayer plays video in standalone
  mode.
- from the CompositionPlayer's DefaultVideoSink, when CompositionPlayer
  supports multiple sequences.
- (temporarily) from the CompositionPlayer's custom ImageRenderer while
  we are implementing single-sequence preview, which is an intermediate
  milestone for composition preview.
PiperOrigin-RevId: 574420427

libraries/exoplayer/src/main/java/androidx/media3/exoplayer/BaseRenderer.java

@@ -92,6 +92,7 @@ public abstract class BaseRenderer implements Renderer, RendererCapabilities {
     this.index = index;
     this.playerId = playerId;
     this.clock = clock;
+    onInit();
   }
 
   @Override
@@ -263,6 +264,11 @@ public abstract class BaseRenderer implements Renderer, RendererCapabilities {
 
   // Methods to be overridden by subclasses.
 
+  /** Called when the renderer is initialized. */
+  protected void onInit() {
+    // Do nothing
+  }
+
   /**
    * Called when the renderer is enabled.
    *

libraries/exoplayer/src/main/java/androidx/media3/exoplayer/video/CompositingVideoSinkProvider.java

@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ import androidx.media3.common.VideoFrameProcessingException;
 import androidx.media3.common.VideoFrameProcessor;
 import androidx.media3.common.VideoGraph;
 import androidx.media3.common.VideoSize;
+import androidx.media3.common.util.Clock;
 import androidx.media3.common.util.LongArrayQueue;
 import androidx.media3.common.util.Size;
 import androidx.media3.common.util.TimedValueQueue;
@@ -62,7 +63,7 @@ import org.checkerframework.checker.nullness.qual.MonotonicNonNull;
 
   private final Context context;
   private final PreviewingVideoGraph.Factory previewingVideoGraphFactory;
-  private final VideoSink.RenderControl renderControl;
+  private final VideoFrameReleaseControl videoFrameReleaseControl;
 
   @Nullable private VideoSinkImpl videoSinkImpl;
   @Nullable private List<Effect> videoEffects;
@@ -73,7 +74,7 @@ import org.checkerframework.checker.nullness.qual.MonotonicNonNull;
   public CompositingVideoSinkProvider(
       Context context,
       VideoFrameProcessor.Factory videoFrameProcessorFactory,
-      VideoSink.RenderControl renderControl) {
+      VideoFrameReleaseControl renderControl) {
     this(
         context,
         new ReflectivePreviewingSingleInputVideoGraphFactory(videoFrameProcessorFactory),
@@ -84,10 +85,10 @@ import org.checkerframework.checker.nullness.qual.MonotonicNonNull;
   /* package */ CompositingVideoSinkProvider(
       Context context,
       PreviewingVideoGraph.Factory previewingVideoGraphFactory,
-      VideoSink.RenderControl renderControl) {
+      VideoFrameReleaseControl releaseControl) {
     this.context = context;
     this.previewingVideoGraphFactory = previewingVideoGraphFactory;
-    this.renderControl = renderControl;
+    this.videoFrameReleaseControl = releaseControl;
   }
 
   @Override
@@ -97,7 +98,8 @@ import org.checkerframework.checker.nullness.qual.MonotonicNonNull;
 
     try {
       videoSinkImpl =
-          new VideoSinkImpl(context, previewingVideoGraphFactory, renderControl, sourceFormat);
+          new VideoSinkImpl(
+              context, previewingVideoGraphFactory, videoFrameReleaseControl, sourceFormat);
     } catch (VideoFrameProcessingException e) {
       throw new VideoSink.VideoSinkException(e, sourceFormat);
     }
@@ -173,7 +175,8 @@ import org.checkerframework.checker.nullness.qual.MonotonicNonNull;
   private static final class VideoSinkImpl implements VideoSink, VideoGraph.Listener {
 
     private final Context context;
-    private final VideoSink.RenderControl renderControl;
+    private final VideoFrameReleaseControl videoFrameReleaseControl;
+    private final VideoFrameReleaseControl.FrameReleaseInfo videoFrameReleaseInfo;
     private final VideoFrameProcessor videoFrameProcessor;
     private final LongArrayQueue processedFramesBufferTimestampsUs;
     private final TimedValueQueue<Long> streamOffsets;
@@ -207,11 +210,9 @@ import org.checkerframework.checker.nullness.qual.MonotonicNonNull;
     private VideoSize processedFrameSize;
     private VideoSize reportedVideoSize;
     private boolean pendingVideoSizeChange;
-    private boolean renderedFirstFrame;
     private long inputStreamOffsetUs;
     private boolean pendingInputStreamOffsetChange;
     private long outputStreamOffsetUs;
-    private float playbackSpeed;
 
     // TODO b/292111083 - Remove the field and trigger the callback on every video size change.
     private boolean onVideoSizeChangedCalled;
@@ -220,11 +221,12 @@ import org.checkerframework.checker.nullness.qual.MonotonicNonNull;
     public VideoSinkImpl(
         Context context,
         PreviewingVideoGraph.Factory previewingVideoGraphFactory,
-        RenderControl renderControl,
+        VideoFrameReleaseControl videoFrameReleaseControl,
         Format sourceFormat)
         throws VideoFrameProcessingException {
       this.context = context;
-      this.renderControl = renderControl;
+      this.videoFrameReleaseControl = videoFrameReleaseControl;
+      videoFrameReleaseInfo = new VideoFrameReleaseControl.FrameReleaseInfo();
       processedFramesBufferTimestampsUs = new LongArrayQueue();
       streamOffsets = new TimedValueQueue<>();
       videoSizeChanges = new TimedValueQueue<>();
@@ -237,7 +239,6 @@ import org.checkerframework.checker.nullness.qual.MonotonicNonNull;
       lastCodecBufferPresentationTimestampUs = C.TIME_UNSET;
       processedFrameSize = VideoSize.UNKNOWN;
       reportedVideoSize = VideoSize.UNKNOWN;
-      playbackSpeed = 1f;
 
       // Playback thread handler.
       handler = Util.createHandlerForCurrentLooper();
@@ -293,7 +294,7 @@ import org.checkerframework.checker.nullness.qual.MonotonicNonNull;
       processedFramesBufferTimestampsUs.clear();
       streamOffsets.clear();
       handler.removeCallbacksAndMessages(/* token= */ null);
-      renderedFirstFrame = false;
+      videoFrameReleaseControl.reset();
       if (registeredLastFrame) {
         registeredLastFrame = false;
         processedLastFrame = false;
@@ -303,7 +304,7 @@ import org.checkerframework.checker.nullness.qual.MonotonicNonNull;
 
     @Override
     public boolean isReady() {
-      return renderedFirstFrame;
+      return videoFrameReleaseControl.isReady(/* rendererReady= */ true);
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -385,47 +386,50 @@ import org.checkerframework.checker.nullness.qual.MonotonicNonNull;
         long bufferPresentationTimeUs = processedFramesBufferTimestampsUs.element();
         // check whether this buffer comes with a new stream offset.
         if (maybeUpdateOutputStreamOffset(bufferPresentationTimeUs)) {
-          renderedFirstFrame = false;
+          videoFrameReleaseControl.onProcessedStreamChange();
         }
         long framePresentationTimeUs = bufferPresentationTimeUs - outputStreamOffsetUs;
         boolean isLastFrame = processedLastFrame && processedFramesBufferTimestampsUs.size() == 1;
-        long frameRenderTimeNs =
+        @VideoFrameReleaseControl.FrameReleaseAction
-            renderControl.getFrameRenderTimeNs(
+        int frameReleaseAction =
-                bufferPresentationTimeUs, positionUs, elapsedRealtimeUs, playbackSpeed);
+            videoFrameReleaseControl.getFrameReleaseAction(
-        if (frameRenderTimeNs == RenderControl.RENDER_TIME_TRY_AGAIN_LATER) {
+                bufferPresentationTimeUs,
-          return;
+                positionUs,
-        } else if (framePresentationTimeUs == RenderControl.RENDER_TIME_DROP) {
+                elapsedRealtimeUs,
-          // TODO b/293873191 - Handle very late buffers and drop to key frame. Need to flush
+                outputStreamOffsetUs,
-          //  VideoFrameProcessor input frames in this case.
+                isLastFrame,
-          releaseProcessedFrameInternal(VideoFrameProcessor.DROP_OUTPUT_FRAME, isLastFrame);
+                videoFrameReleaseInfo);
-          continue;
+        switch (frameReleaseAction) {
+          case VideoFrameReleaseControl.FRAME_RELEASE_TRY_AGAIN_LATER:
+            return;
+          case VideoFrameReleaseControl.FRAME_RELEASE_SKIP:
+          case VideoFrameReleaseControl.FRAME_RELEASE_SKIP_TO_KEYFRAME:
+            // Skipped frames are dropped.
+          case VideoFrameReleaseControl.FRAME_RELEASE_DROP:
+          case VideoFrameReleaseControl.FRAME_RELEASE_DROP_TO_KEYFRAME:
+            // TODO b/293873191 - Handle very late buffers and drop to key frame. Need to flush
+            //  VideoFrameProcessor input frames in this case.
+            dropFrame(isLastFrame);
+            break;
+          case VideoFrameReleaseControl.FRAME_RELEASE_IMMEDIATELY:
+          case VideoFrameReleaseControl.FRAME_RELEASE_SCHEDULED:
+            renderFrame(
+                framePresentationTimeUs, bufferPresentationTimeUs, frameReleaseAction, isLastFrame);
+            break;
+          default:
+            throw new IllegalStateException(String.valueOf(frameReleaseAction));
         }
-        renderControl.onNextFrame(bufferPresentationTimeUs);
-        if (videoFrameMetadataListener != null) {
-          videoFrameMetadataListener.onVideoFrameAboutToBeRendered(
-              framePresentationTimeUs,
-              frameRenderTimeNs == RenderControl.RENDER_TIME_IMMEDIATELY
-                  ? System.nanoTime()
-                  : frameRenderTimeNs,
-              checkNotNull(inputFormat),
-              /* mediaFormat= */ null);
-        }
-        releaseProcessedFrameInternal(
-            frameRenderTimeNs == RenderControl.RENDER_TIME_IMMEDIATELY
-                ? VideoFrameProcessor.RENDER_OUTPUT_FRAME_IMMEDIATELY
-                : frameRenderTimeNs,
-            isLastFrame);
-
-        maybeNotifyVideoSizeChanged(bufferPresentationTimeUs);
       }
     }
 
     @Override
     public void setPlaybackSpeed(float speed) {
       checkArgument(speed >= 0.0);
-      this.playbackSpeed = speed;
+      videoFrameReleaseControl.setPlaybackSpeed(speed);
     }
 
+    // VideoGraph.Listener methods
+
     @Override
     public void onOutputSizeChanged(int width, int height) {
       VideoSize newVideoSize = new VideoSize(width, height);
@@ -477,12 +481,13 @@ import org.checkerframework.checker.nullness.qual.MonotonicNonNull;
       throw new IllegalStateException();
     }
 
+    // Other methods
+
     public void release() {
       videoFrameProcessor.release();
       handler.removeCallbacksAndMessages(/* token= */ null);
       streamOffsets.clear();
       processedFramesBufferTimestampsUs.clear();
-      renderedFirstFrame = false;
     }
 
     /** Sets the {@linkplain Effect video effects} to apply immediately. */
@@ -541,18 +546,17 @@ import org.checkerframework.checker.nullness.qual.MonotonicNonNull;
           && currentSurfaceAndSize.second.equals(outputResolution)) {
         return;
       }
-      renderedFirstFrame =
+      videoFrameReleaseControl.setOutputSurface(outputSurface);
-          currentSurfaceAndSize == null || currentSurfaceAndSize.first.equals(outputSurface);
       currentSurfaceAndSize = Pair.create(outputSurface, outputResolution);
       videoFrameProcessor.setOutputSurfaceInfo(
           new SurfaceInfo(
               outputSurface, outputResolution.getWidth(), outputResolution.getHeight()));
     }
 
+    /** Clears the output surface info. */
     public void clearOutputSurfaceInfo() {
       videoFrameProcessor.setOutputSurfaceInfo(null);
       currentSurfaceAndSize = null;
-      renderedFirstFrame = false;
     }
 
     private boolean maybeUpdateOutputStreamOffset(long bufferPresentationTimeUs) {
@@ -565,21 +569,52 @@ import org.checkerframework.checker.nullness.qual.MonotonicNonNull;
       return updatedOffset;
     }
 
+    private void dropFrame(boolean isLastFrame) {
+      if (listenerExecutor != null) {
+        listenerExecutor.execute(
+            () -> {
+              if (listener != null) {
+                listener.onFrameDropped(this);
+              }
+            });
+      }
+      releaseProcessedFrameInternal(VideoFrameProcessor.DROP_OUTPUT_FRAME, isLastFrame);
+    }
+
+    private void renderFrame(
+        long framePresentationTimeUs,
+        long bufferPresentationTimeUs,
+        @VideoFrameReleaseControl.FrameReleaseAction int frameReleaseAction,
+        boolean isLastFrame) {
+      if (videoFrameMetadataListener != null) {
+        videoFrameMetadataListener.onVideoFrameAboutToBeRendered(
+            framePresentationTimeUs,
+            frameReleaseAction == VideoFrameReleaseControl.FRAME_RELEASE_IMMEDIATELY
+                ? Clock.DEFAULT.nanoTime()
+                : videoFrameReleaseInfo.getReleaseTimeNs(),
+            checkNotNull(inputFormat),
+            /* mediaFormat= */ null);
+      }
+      if (videoFrameReleaseControl.onFrameReleasedIsFirstFrame() && listenerExecutor != null) {
+        listenerExecutor.execute(
+            () -> {
+              if (listener != null) {
+                listener.onFirstFrameRendered(/* videoSink= */ this);
+              }
+            });
+      }
+      releaseProcessedFrameInternal(
+          frameReleaseAction == VideoFrameReleaseControl.FRAME_RELEASE_IMMEDIATELY
+              ? VideoFrameProcessor.RENDER_OUTPUT_FRAME_IMMEDIATELY
+              : videoFrameReleaseInfo.getReleaseTimeNs(),
+          isLastFrame);
+
+      maybeNotifyVideoSizeChanged(bufferPresentationTimeUs);
+    }
+
     private void releaseProcessedFrameInternal(long releaseTimeNs, boolean isLastFrame) {
       videoFrameProcessor.renderOutputFrame(releaseTimeNs);
       processedFramesBufferTimestampsUs.remove();
-      if (releaseTimeNs == VideoFrameProcessor.DROP_OUTPUT_FRAME) {
-        renderControl.onFrameDropped();
-      } else {
-        renderControl.onFrameRendered();
-        if (!renderedFirstFrame) {
-          if (listener != null) {
-            checkNotNull(listenerExecutor)
-                .execute(() -> checkNotNull(listener).onFirstFrameRendered(this));
-          }
-          renderedFirstFrame = true;
-        }
-      }
       if (isLastFrame) {
         releasedLastFrame = true;
       }

libraries/exoplayer/src/main/java/androidx/media3/exoplayer/video/MediaCodecVideoRenderer.java

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ package androidx.media3.exoplayer.video;
 import static android.view.Display.DEFAULT_DISPLAY;
 import static androidx.media3.common.util.Assertions.checkNotNull;
 import static androidx.media3.common.util.Assertions.checkState;
-import static androidx.media3.common.util.Util.msToUs;
+import static androidx.media3.common.util.Assertions.checkStateNotNull;
 import static androidx.media3.exoplayer.DecoderReuseEvaluation.DISCARD_REASON_MAX_INPUT_SIZE_EXCEEDED;
 import static androidx.media3.exoplayer.DecoderReuseEvaluation.DISCARD_REASON_VIDEO_MAX_RESOLUTION_EXCEEDED;
 import static androidx.media3.exoplayer.DecoderReuseEvaluation.REUSE_RESULT_NO;
@@ -38,7 +38,6 @@ import android.media.MediaFormat;
 import android.os.Bundle;
 import android.os.Handler;
 import android.os.Message;
-import android.os.SystemClock;
 import android.util.Pair;
 import android.view.Display;
 import android.view.Surface;
@@ -57,7 +56,6 @@ import androidx.media3.common.PlaybackException;
 import androidx.media3.common.VideoFrameProcessingException;
 import androidx.media3.common.VideoFrameProcessor;
 import androidx.media3.common.VideoSize;
-import androidx.media3.common.util.Clock;
 import androidx.media3.common.util.Log;
 import androidx.media3.common.util.MediaFormatUtil;
 import androidx.media3.common.util.Size;
@@ -88,8 +86,8 @@ import com.google.common.util.concurrent.MoreExecutors;
 import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
-import org.checkerframework.checker.initialization.qual.Initialized;
 import org.checkerframework.checker.nullness.qual.MonotonicNonNull;
+import org.checkerframework.checker.nullness.qual.RequiresNonNull;
 
 /**
  * Decodes and renders video using {@link MediaCodec}.
@@ -115,7 +113,8 @@ import org.checkerframework.checker.nullness.qual.MonotonicNonNull;
  * </ul>
  */
 @UnstableApi
-public class MediaCodecVideoRenderer extends MediaCodecRenderer implements VideoSink.RenderControl {
+public class MediaCodecVideoRenderer extends MediaCodecRenderer
+    implements VideoFrameReleaseControl.FrameTimingEvaluator {
 
   private static final String TAG = "MediaCodecVideoRenderer";
   private static final String KEY_CROP_LEFT = "crop-left";
@@ -139,19 +138,16 @@ public class MediaCodecVideoRenderer extends MediaCodecRenderer implements Video
   /** The minimum input buffer size for HEVC. */
   private static final int HEVC_MAX_INPUT_SIZE_THRESHOLD = 2 * 1024 * 1024;
 
-  /** The maximum earliest time, in microseconds, to release a frame on the surface. */
-  private static final long MAX_EARLY_US_THRESHOLD = 50_000;
-
   private static boolean evaluatedDeviceNeedsSetOutputSurfaceWorkaround;
   private static boolean deviceNeedsSetOutputSurfaceWorkaround;
 
   private final Context context;
-  private final VideoFrameReleaseHelper frameReleaseHelper;
   private final VideoSinkProvider videoSinkProvider;
   private final EventDispatcher eventDispatcher;
-  private final long allowedJoiningTimeMs;
   private final int maxDroppedFramesToNotify;
   private final boolean deviceNeedsNoPostProcessWorkaround;
+  private final VideoFrameReleaseControl videoFrameReleaseControl;
+  private final VideoFrameReleaseControl.FrameReleaseInfo videoFrameReleaseInfo;
 
   private @MonotonicNonNull CodecMaxValues codecMaxValues;
   private boolean codecNeedsSetOutputSurfaceWorkaround;
@@ -160,15 +156,10 @@ public class MediaCodecVideoRenderer extends MediaCodecRenderer implements Video
   @Nullable private PlaceholderSurface placeholderSurface;
   private boolean haveReportedFirstFrameRenderedForCurrentSurface;
   private @C.VideoScalingMode int scalingMode;
-  private @C.FirstFrameState int firstFrameState;
-  private long initialPositionUs;
-  private long joiningDeadlineMs;
   private long droppedFrameAccumulationStartTimeMs;
   private int droppedFrames;
   private int consecutiveDroppedFrameCount;
   private int buffersInCodecCount;
-  private long lastBufferPresentationTimeUs;
-  private long lastRenderRealtimeUs;
   private long totalVideoFrameProcessingOffsetUs;
   private int videoFrameProcessingOffsetCount;
   private long lastFrameReleaseTimeNs;
@@ -393,23 +384,42 @@ public class MediaCodecVideoRenderer extends MediaCodecRenderer implements Video
         mediaCodecSelector,
         enableDecoderFallback,
         assumedMinimumCodecOperatingRate);
-    this.allowedJoiningTimeMs = allowedJoiningTimeMs;
     this.maxDroppedFramesToNotify = maxDroppedFramesToNotify;
     this.context = context.getApplicationContext();
-    frameReleaseHelper = new VideoFrameReleaseHelper(this.context);
+
+    videoFrameReleaseControl = new VideoFrameReleaseControl(this.context, allowedJoiningTimeMs);
+    videoFrameReleaseInfo = new VideoFrameReleaseControl.FrameReleaseInfo();
     eventDispatcher = new EventDispatcher(eventHandler, eventListener);
-    @SuppressWarnings("nullness:assignment")
-    VideoSink.@Initialized RenderControl renderControl = this;
     videoSinkProvider =
-        new CompositingVideoSinkProvider(context, videoFrameProcessorFactory, renderControl);
+        new CompositingVideoSinkProvider(
+            context, videoFrameProcessorFactory, videoFrameReleaseControl);
     deviceNeedsNoPostProcessWorkaround = deviceNeedsNoPostProcessWorkaround();
-    joiningDeadlineMs = C.TIME_UNSET;
     scalingMode = C.VIDEO_SCALING_MODE_DEFAULT;
     decodedVideoSize = VideoSize.UNKNOWN;
     tunnelingAudioSessionId = C.AUDIO_SESSION_ID_UNSET;
-    firstFrameState = C.FIRST_FRAME_NOT_RENDERED_ONLY_ALLOWED_IF_STARTED;
+    reportedVideoSize = null;
   }
 
+  // FrameTimingEvaluator methods
+
+  @Override
+  public boolean shouldForceReleaseFrame(long earlyUs, long elapsedSinceLastReleaseUs) {
+    return shouldForceRenderOutputBuffer(earlyUs, elapsedSinceLastReleaseUs);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public boolean shouldDropFrame(long earlyUs, long elapsedRealtimeUs, boolean isLastFrame) {
+    return shouldDropOutputBuffer(earlyUs, elapsedRealtimeUs, isLastFrame);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public boolean shouldDropFramesToKeyframe(
+      long earlyUs, long elapsedRealtimeUs, boolean isLastFrame) {
+    return shouldDropBuffersToKeyframe(earlyUs, elapsedRealtimeUs, isLastFrame);
+  }
+
+  // Renderer methods
+
   @Override
   public String getName() {
     return TAG;
@@ -523,53 +533,6 @@ public class MediaCodecVideoRenderer extends MediaCodecRenderer implements Video
         format);
   }
 
-  // RenderControl implementation
-
-  @Override
-  public long getFrameRenderTimeNs(
-      long presentationTimeUs, long positionUs, long elapsedRealtimeUs, float playbackSpeed) {
-    long earlyUs =
-        calculateEarlyTimeUs(
-            positionUs,
-            elapsedRealtimeUs,
-            presentationTimeUs,
-            getState() == STATE_STARTED,
-            playbackSpeed,
-            getClock());
-    if (isBufferLate(earlyUs)) {
-      return VideoSink.RenderControl.RENDER_TIME_DROP;
-    }
-    if (shouldForceRender(positionUs, earlyUs)) {
-      return VideoSink.RenderControl.RENDER_TIME_IMMEDIATELY;
-    }
-
-    if (getState() != STATE_STARTED
-        || positionUs == initialPositionUs
-        || earlyUs > MAX_EARLY_US_THRESHOLD) {
-      return VideoSink.RenderControl.RENDER_TIME_TRY_AGAIN_LATER;
-    }
-    // Compute the buffer's desired release time in nanoseconds.
-    long unadjustedFrameReleaseTimeNs = getClock().nanoTime() + (earlyUs * 1000);
-    // Apply a timestamp adjustment, if there is one.
-    return frameReleaseHelper.adjustReleaseTime(unadjustedFrameReleaseTimeNs);
-  }
-
-  @Override
-  public void onNextFrame(long presentationTimeUs) {
-    frameReleaseHelper.onNextFrame(presentationTimeUs);
-  }
-
-  @Override
-  public void onFrameRendered() {
-    lastRenderRealtimeUs = Util.msToUs(getClock().elapsedRealtime());
-  }
-
-  @Override
-  public void onFrameDropped() {
-    updateDroppedBufferCounters(
-        /* droppedInputBufferCount= */ 0, /* droppedDecoderBufferCount= */ 1);
-  }
-
   // Other methods
 
   /**
@@ -634,6 +597,13 @@ public class MediaCodecVideoRenderer extends MediaCodecRenderer implements Video
     }
   }
 
+  @Override
+  protected void onInit() {
+    super.onInit();
+    videoFrameReleaseControl.setFrameTimingEvaluator(/* frameTimingEvaluator= */ this);
+    videoFrameReleaseControl.setClock(getClock());
+  }
+
   @Override
   protected void onEnabled(boolean joining, boolean mayRenderStartOfStream)
       throws ExoPlaybackException {
@@ -645,17 +615,12 @@ public class MediaCodecVideoRenderer extends MediaCodecRenderer implements Video
       releaseCodec();
     }
     eventDispatcher.enabled(decoderCounters);
-    firstFrameState =
+    videoFrameReleaseControl.onEnabled(mayRenderStartOfStream);
-        mayRenderStartOfStream
-            ? C.FIRST_FRAME_NOT_RENDERED
-            : C.FIRST_FRAME_NOT_RENDERED_ONLY_ALLOWED_IF_STARTED;
   }
 
   @Override
   public void enableMayRenderStartOfStream() {
-    if (firstFrameState == C.FIRST_FRAME_NOT_RENDERED_ONLY_ALLOWED_IF_STARTED) {
+    videoFrameReleaseControl.allowReleaseFirstFrameBeforeStarted();
-      firstFrameState = C.FIRST_FRAME_NOT_RENDERED;
-    }
   }
 
   @Override
@@ -666,21 +631,15 @@ public class MediaCodecVideoRenderer extends MediaCodecRenderer implements Video
       videoSink.flush();
     }
     super.onPositionReset(positionUs, joining);
-
     if (videoSinkProvider.isInitialized()) {
       videoSinkProvider.setStreamOffsetUs(getOutputStreamOffsetUs());
     }
-
+    videoFrameReleaseControl.reset();
-    lowerFirstFrameState(C.FIRST_FRAME_NOT_RENDERED);
-    frameReleaseHelper.onPositionReset();
-    lastBufferPresentationTimeUs = C.TIME_UNSET;
-    initialPositionUs = C.TIME_UNSET;
-    consecutiveDroppedFrameCount = 0;
     if (joining) {
-      setJoiningDeadlineMs();
+      videoFrameReleaseControl.join();
-    } else {
-      joiningDeadlineMs = C.TIME_UNSET;
     }
+    maybeUpdateOnFrameRenderedListener();
+    consecutiveDroppedFrameCount = 0;
   }
 
   @Override
@@ -690,26 +649,15 @@ public class MediaCodecVideoRenderer extends MediaCodecRenderer implements Video
 
   @Override
   public boolean isReady() {
-    if (super.isReady()
+    boolean readyToReleaseFrames = super.isReady() && (videoSink == null || videoSink.isReady());
-        && (videoSink == null || videoSink.isReady())
+    if (readyToReleaseFrames
-        && (firstFrameState == C.FIRST_FRAME_RENDERED
+        && ((placeholderSurface != null && displaySurface == placeholderSurface)
-            || (placeholderSurface != null && displaySurface == placeholderSurface)
             || getCodec() == null
             || tunneling)) {
-      // Ready. If we were joining then we've now joined, so clear the joining deadline.
+      // Not releasing frames.
-      joiningDeadlineMs = C.TIME_UNSET;
       return true;
-    } else if (joiningDeadlineMs == C.TIME_UNSET) {
-      // Not joining.
-      return false;
-    } else if (getClock().elapsedRealtime() < joiningDeadlineMs) {
-      // Joining and still within the joining deadline.
-      return true;
-    } else {
-      // The joining deadline has been exceeded. Give up and clear the deadline.
-      joiningDeadlineMs = C.TIME_UNSET;
-      return false;
     }
+    return videoFrameReleaseControl.isReady(readyToReleaseFrames);
   }
 
   @Override
@@ -718,25 +666,24 @@ public class MediaCodecVideoRenderer extends MediaCodecRenderer implements Video
     droppedFrames = 0;
     long elapsedRealtimeMs = getClock().elapsedRealtime();
     droppedFrameAccumulationStartTimeMs = elapsedRealtimeMs;
-    lastRenderRealtimeUs = msToUs(elapsedRealtimeMs);
     totalVideoFrameProcessingOffsetUs = 0;
     videoFrameProcessingOffsetCount = 0;
-    frameReleaseHelper.onStarted();
+    videoFrameReleaseControl.onStarted();
   }
 
   @Override
   protected void onStopped() {
-    joiningDeadlineMs = C.TIME_UNSET;
     maybeNotifyDroppedFrames();
     maybeNotifyVideoFrameProcessingOffset();
-    frameReleaseHelper.onStopped();
+    videoFrameReleaseControl.onStopped();
     super.onStopped();
   }
 
   @Override
   protected void onDisabled() {
     reportedVideoSize = null;
-    lowerFirstFrameState(C.FIRST_FRAME_NOT_RENDERED_ONLY_ALLOWED_IF_STARTED);
+    videoFrameReleaseControl.onDisabled();
+    maybeUpdateOnFrameRenderedListener();
     haveReportedFirstFrameRenderedForCurrentSurface = false;
     tunnelingOnFrameRenderedListener = null;
     try {
@@ -783,7 +730,7 @@ public class MediaCodecVideoRenderer extends MediaCodecRenderer implements Video
         }
         break;
       case MSG_SET_CHANGE_FRAME_RATE_STRATEGY:
-        frameReleaseHelper.setChangeFrameRateStrategy((int) checkNotNull(message));
+        videoFrameReleaseControl.setChangeFrameRateStrategy((int) checkNotNull(message));
         break;
       case MSG_SET_VIDEO_FRAME_METADATA_LISTENER:
         frameMetadataListener = (VideoFrameMetadataListener) checkNotNull(message);
@@ -843,7 +790,7 @@ public class MediaCodecVideoRenderer extends MediaCodecRenderer implements Video
     // We only need to update the codec if the display surface has changed.
     if (this.displaySurface != displaySurface) {
       this.displaySurface = displaySurface;
-      frameReleaseHelper.onSurfaceChanged(displaySurface);
+      videoFrameReleaseControl.setOutputSurface(displaySurface);
       haveReportedFirstFrameRenderedForCurrentSurface = false;
 
       @State int state = getState();
@@ -862,11 +809,8 @@ public class MediaCodecVideoRenderer extends MediaCodecRenderer implements Video
       if (displaySurface != null && displaySurface != placeholderSurface) {
         // If we know the video size, report it again immediately.
         maybeRenotifyVideoSizeChanged();
-        // We haven't rendered to the new display surface yet.
-        lowerFirstFrameState(C.FIRST_FRAME_NOT_RENDERED);
         if (state == STATE_STARTED) {
-          // Set joining deadline to report MediaCodecVideoRenderer is ready.
+          videoFrameReleaseControl.join();
-          setJoiningDeadlineMs();
         }
         // When effects previewing is enabled, set display surface and an unknown size.
         if (videoSinkProvider.isInitialized()) {
@@ -875,11 +819,11 @@ public class MediaCodecVideoRenderer extends MediaCodecRenderer implements Video
       } else {
         // The display surface has been removed.
         reportedVideoSize = null;
-        lowerFirstFrameState(C.FIRST_FRAME_NOT_RENDERED);
         if (videoSinkProvider.isInitialized()) {
           videoSinkProvider.clearOutputSurfaceInfo();
         }
       }
+      maybeUpdateOnFrameRenderedListener();
     } else if (displaySurface != null && displaySurface != placeholderSurface) {
       // The display surface is set and unchanged. If we know the video size and/or have already
       // rendered to the display surface, report these again immediately.
@@ -987,7 +931,7 @@ public class MediaCodecVideoRenderer extends MediaCodecRenderer implements Video
   public void setPlaybackSpeed(float currentPlaybackSpeed, float targetPlaybackSpeed)
       throws ExoPlaybackException {
     super.setPlaybackSpeed(currentPlaybackSpeed, targetPlaybackSpeed);
-    frameReleaseHelper.onPlaybackSpeed(currentPlaybackSpeed);
+    videoFrameReleaseControl.setPlaybackSpeed(currentPlaybackSpeed);
     if (videoSink != null) {
       videoSink.setPlaybackSpeed(currentPlaybackSpeed);
     }
@@ -1104,7 +1048,14 @@ public class MediaCodecVideoRenderer extends MediaCodecRenderer implements Video
           new VideoSink.Listener() {
             @Override
             public void onFirstFrameRendered(VideoSink videoSink) {
-              maybeNotifyRenderedFirstFrame();
+              checkStateNotNull(displaySurface);
+              notifyRenderedFirstFrame();
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public void onFrameDropped(VideoSink videoSink) {
+              updateDroppedBufferCounters(
+                  /* droppedInputBufferCount= */ 0, /* droppedDecoderBufferCount= */ 1);
             }
 
             @Override
@@ -1245,7 +1196,7 @@ public class MediaCodecVideoRenderer extends MediaCodecRenderer implements Video
     }
     decodedVideoSize =
         new VideoSize(width, height, unappliedRotationDegrees, pixelWidthHeightRatio);
-    frameReleaseHelper.onFormatChanged(format.frameRate);
+    videoFrameReleaseControl.setFrameRate(format.frameRate);
 
     if (videoSink != null && mediaFormat != null) {
       onReadyToRegisterVideoSinkInputStream();
@@ -1319,40 +1270,34 @@ public class MediaCodecVideoRenderer extends MediaCodecRenderer implements Video
       throws ExoPlaybackException {
     checkNotNull(codec); // Can not render video without codec
 
-    if (initialPositionUs == C.TIME_UNSET) {
-      initialPositionUs = positionUs;
-    }
-
-    if (bufferPresentationTimeUs != lastBufferPresentationTimeUs) {
-      if (videoSink == null) {
-        frameReleaseHelper.onNextFrame(bufferPresentationTimeUs);
-      } // else, update the frameReleaseHelper when releasing the processed frames.
-      this.lastBufferPresentationTimeUs = bufferPresentationTimeUs;
-    }
-
     long outputStreamOffsetUs = getOutputStreamOffsetUs();
     long presentationTimeUs = bufferPresentationTimeUs - outputStreamOffsetUs;
 
+    @VideoFrameReleaseControl.FrameReleaseAction
+    int frameReleaseAction =
+        videoFrameReleaseControl.getFrameReleaseAction(
+            bufferPresentationTimeUs,
+            positionUs,
+            elapsedRealtimeUs,
+            getOutputStreamStartPositionUs(),
+            isLastBuffer,
+            videoFrameReleaseInfo);
+
+    // Skip decode-only buffers, e.g. after seeking, immediately. This check must be performed after
+    // getting the release action from the video frame release control although not necessary.
+    // That's because the release control estimates the content frame rate from frame timestamps
+    // and we want to have this information known as early as possible, especially during seeking.
     if (isDecodeOnlyBuffer && !isLastBuffer) {
       skipOutputBuffer(codec, bufferIndex, presentationTimeUs);
       return true;
     }
 
-    boolean isStarted = getState() == STATE_STARTED;
+    // We are not rendering on a surface, the renderer will wait until a surface is set.
-    long earlyUs =
-        calculateEarlyTimeUs(
-            positionUs,
-            elapsedRealtimeUs,
-            bufferPresentationTimeUs,
-            isStarted,
-            getPlaybackSpeed(),
-            getClock());
-
     if (displaySurface == placeholderSurface) {
       // Skip frames in sync with playback, so we'll be at the right frame if the mode changes.
-      if (isBufferLate(earlyUs)) {
+      if (videoFrameReleaseInfo.getEarlyUs() < 30_000) {
         skipOutputBuffer(codec, bufferIndex, presentationTimeUs);
-        updateVideoFrameProcessingOffsetCounters(earlyUs);
+        updateVideoFrameProcessingOffsetCounters(videoFrameReleaseInfo.getEarlyUs());
         return true;
       }
       return false;
@@ -1368,137 +1313,86 @@ public class MediaCodecVideoRenderer extends MediaCodecRenderer implements Video
       return true;
     }
 
-    boolean forceRenderOutputBuffer = shouldForceRender(positionUs, earlyUs);
+    switch (frameReleaseAction) {
-    if (forceRenderOutputBuffer) {
+      case VideoFrameReleaseControl.FRAME_RELEASE_IMMEDIATELY:
-      long releaseTimeNs = getClock().nanoTime();
+        long releaseTimeNs = getClock().nanoTime();
-      notifyFrameMetadataListener(presentationTimeUs, releaseTimeNs, format);
+        notifyFrameMetadataListener(presentationTimeUs, releaseTimeNs, format);
-      renderOutputBuffer(codec, bufferIndex, presentationTimeUs, releaseTimeNs);
+        renderOutputBuffer(codec, bufferIndex, presentationTimeUs, releaseTimeNs);
-      updateVideoFrameProcessingOffsetCounters(earlyUs);
+        updateVideoFrameProcessingOffsetCounters(videoFrameReleaseInfo.getEarlyUs());
-      return true;
+        return true;
-    }
+      case VideoFrameReleaseControl.FRAME_RELEASE_SKIP:
-
-    if (!isStarted || positionUs == initialPositionUs) {
-      return false;
-    }
-
-    // Compute the buffer's desired release time in nanoseconds.
-    long systemTimeNs = getClock().nanoTime();
-    long unadjustedFrameReleaseTimeNs = systemTimeNs + (earlyUs * 1000);
-    // Apply a timestamp adjustment, if there is one.
-    long adjustedReleaseTimeNs = frameReleaseHelper.adjustReleaseTime(unadjustedFrameReleaseTimeNs);
-    earlyUs = (adjustedReleaseTimeNs - systemTimeNs) / 1000;
-    boolean treatDroppedBuffersAsSkipped = joiningDeadlineMs != C.TIME_UNSET;
-    if (shouldDropBuffersToKeyframe(earlyUs, elapsedRealtimeUs, isLastBuffer)
-        && maybeDropBuffersToKeyframe(positionUs, treatDroppedBuffersAsSkipped)) {
-      return false;
-    } else if (shouldDropOutputBuffer(earlyUs, elapsedRealtimeUs, isLastBuffer)) {
-      if (treatDroppedBuffersAsSkipped) {
         skipOutputBuffer(codec, bufferIndex, presentationTimeUs);
-      } else {
+        updateVideoFrameProcessingOffsetCounters(videoFrameReleaseInfo.getEarlyUs());
+        return true;
+      case VideoFrameReleaseControl.FRAME_RELEASE_SKIP_TO_KEYFRAME:
+        if (!maybeDropBuffersToKeyframe(positionUs, /* treatDroppedBuffersAsSkipped= */ true)) {
+          skipOutputBuffer(codec, bufferIndex, presentationTimeUs);
+          updateVideoFrameProcessingOffsetCounters(videoFrameReleaseInfo.getEarlyUs());
+          return true;
+        } else {
+          return false;
+        }
+      case VideoFrameReleaseControl.FRAME_RELEASE_DROP:
         dropOutputBuffer(codec, bufferIndex, presentationTimeUs);
-      }
+        updateVideoFrameProcessingOffsetCounters(videoFrameReleaseInfo.getEarlyUs());
-      updateVideoFrameProcessingOffsetCounters(earlyUs);
+        return true;
-      return true;
+      case VideoFrameReleaseControl.FRAME_RELEASE_DROP_TO_KEYFRAME:
+        if (!maybeDropBuffersToKeyframe(positionUs, /* treatDroppedBuffersAsSkipped= */ false)) {
+          dropOutputBuffer(codec, bufferIndex, presentationTimeUs);
+          updateVideoFrameProcessingOffsetCounters(videoFrameReleaseInfo.getEarlyUs());
+          return true;
+        } else {
+          return false;
+        }
+      case VideoFrameReleaseControl.FRAME_RELEASE_TRY_AGAIN_LATER:
+        return false;
+      case VideoFrameReleaseControl.FRAME_RELEASE_SCHEDULED:
+        return maybeReleaseFrame(checkStateNotNull(codec), bufferIndex, presentationTimeUs, format);
+      default:
+        throw new IllegalStateException(String.valueOf(frameReleaseAction));
     }
+  }
 
+  private boolean maybeReleaseFrame(
+      MediaCodecAdapter codec, int bufferIndex, long presentationTimeUs, Format format) {
+    long releaseTimeNs = videoFrameReleaseInfo.getReleaseTimeNs();
+    long earlyUs = videoFrameReleaseInfo.getEarlyUs();
     if (Util.SDK_INT >= 21) {
       // Let the underlying framework time the release.
-      if (earlyUs < MAX_EARLY_US_THRESHOLD) {
+      if (shouldSkipBuffersWithIdenticalReleaseTime() && releaseTimeNs == lastFrameReleaseTimeNs) {
-        if (shouldSkipBuffersWithIdenticalReleaseTime()
+        // This frame should be displayed on the same vsync with the previous released frame. We
-            && adjustedReleaseTimeNs == lastFrameReleaseTimeNs) {
+        // are likely rendering frames at a rate higher than the screen refresh rate. Skip
-          // This frame should be displayed on the same vsync with the previous released frame. We
+        // this buffer so that it's returned to MediaCodec sooner otherwise MediaCodec may not
-          // are likely rendering frames at a rate higher than the screen refresh rate. Skip
+        // be able to keep decoding with this rate [b/263454203].
-          // this buffer so that it's returned to MediaCodec sooner otherwise MediaCodec may not
+        skipOutputBuffer(codec, bufferIndex, presentationTimeUs);
-          // be able to keep decoding with this rate [b/263454203].
+      } else {
-          skipOutputBuffer(codec, bufferIndex, presentationTimeUs);
+        notifyFrameMetadataListener(presentationTimeUs, releaseTimeNs, format);
-        } else {
+        renderOutputBufferV21(codec, bufferIndex, presentationTimeUs, releaseTimeNs);
-          notifyFrameMetadataListener(presentationTimeUs, adjustedReleaseTimeNs, format);
-          renderOutputBufferV21(codec, bufferIndex, presentationTimeUs, adjustedReleaseTimeNs);
-        }
-        updateVideoFrameProcessingOffsetCounters(earlyUs);
-        lastFrameReleaseTimeNs = adjustedReleaseTimeNs;
-        return true;
       }
-    } else {
+      updateVideoFrameProcessingOffsetCounters(earlyUs);
+      lastFrameReleaseTimeNs = releaseTimeNs;
+      return true;
+    } else if (earlyUs < 30000) {
       // We need to time the release ourselves.
-      if (earlyUs < 30000) {
+      if (earlyUs > 11000) {
-        if (earlyUs > 11000) {
+        // We're a little too early to render the frame. Sleep until the frame can be rendered.
-          // We're a little too early to render the frame. Sleep until the frame can be rendered.
+        // Note: The 11ms threshold was chosen fairly arbitrarily.
-          // Note: The 11ms threshold was chosen fairly arbitrarily.
+        try {
-          try {
+          // Subtracting 10000 rather than 11000 ensures the sleep time will be at least 1ms.
-            // Subtracting 10000 rather than 11000 ensures the sleep time will be at least 1ms.
+          Thread.sleep((earlyUs - 10000) / 1000);
-            Thread.sleep((earlyUs - 10000) / 1000);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
-          } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+          Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
-            Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+          return false;
-            return false;
-          }
         }
-        notifyFrameMetadataListener(presentationTimeUs, adjustedReleaseTimeNs, format);
-        renderOutputBuffer(codec, bufferIndex, presentationTimeUs);
-        updateVideoFrameProcessingOffsetCounters(earlyUs);
-        return true;
       }
-    }
+      notifyFrameMetadataListener(presentationTimeUs, releaseTimeNs, format);
-
+      renderOutputBuffer(codec, bufferIndex, presentationTimeUs);
-    // We're either not playing, or it's not time to render the frame yet.
+      updateVideoFrameProcessingOffsetCounters(earlyUs);
-    return false;
+      return true;
-  }
+    } else {
-
+      // Too soon.
-  /** Returns whether a buffer or a processed frame should be force rendered. */
-  private boolean shouldForceRender(long positionUs, long earlyUs) {
-    if (joiningDeadlineMs != C.TIME_UNSET) {
-      // No force rendering during joining.
       return false;
     }
-    boolean isStarted = getState() == STATE_STARTED;
-    switch (firstFrameState) {
-      case C.FIRST_FRAME_NOT_RENDERED_ONLY_ALLOWED_IF_STARTED:
-        return isStarted;
-      case C.FIRST_FRAME_NOT_RENDERED:
-        return true;
-      case C.FIRST_FRAME_NOT_RENDERED_AFTER_STREAM_CHANGE:
-        return positionUs >= getOutputStreamStartPositionUs();
-      case C.FIRST_FRAME_RENDERED:
-        long elapsedSinceLastRenderUs = msToUs(getClock().elapsedRealtime()) - lastRenderRealtimeUs;
-        return isStarted && shouldForceRenderOutputBuffer(earlyUs, elapsedSinceLastRenderUs);
-      default:
-        throw new IllegalStateException();
-    }
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Calculates the time interval between the current player position and the buffer presentation
-   * time.
-   *
-   * @param positionUs The current media time in microseconds, measured at the start of the current
-   *     iteration of the rendering loop.
-   * @param elapsedRealtimeUs {@link SystemClock#elapsedRealtime()} in microseconds, measured at the
-   *     start of the current iteration of the rendering loop.
-   * @param bufferPresentationTimeUs The presentation time of the output buffer in microseconds,
-   *     with {@linkplain #getOutputStreamOffsetUs() stream offset added}.
-   * @param isStarted Whether the playback is in {@link #STATE_STARTED}.
-   * @param playbackSpeed The current playback speed.
-   * @param clock The {@link Clock} used by the renderer.
-   * @return The calculated early time, in microseconds.
-   */
-  private static long calculateEarlyTimeUs(
-      long positionUs,
-      long elapsedRealtimeUs,
-      long bufferPresentationTimeUs,
-      boolean isStarted,
-      float playbackSpeed,
-      Clock clock) {
-    // Calculate how early we are. In other words, the realtime duration that needs to elapse whilst
-    // the renderer is started before the frame should be rendered. A negative value means that
-    // we're already late.
-    // Note: Use of double rather than float is intentional for accuracy in the calculations below.
-    long earlyUs = (long) ((bufferPresentationTimeUs - positionUs) / (double) playbackSpeed);
-    if (isStarted) {
-      // Account for the elapsed time since the start of this iteration of the rendering loop.
-      earlyUs -= Util.msToUs(clock.elapsedRealtime()) - elapsedRealtimeUs;
-    }
-
-    return earlyUs;
   }
 
   private void notifyFrameMetadataListener(
@@ -1535,7 +1429,8 @@ public class MediaCodecVideoRenderer extends MediaCodecRenderer implements Video
   @Override
   protected void onProcessedStreamChange() {
     super.onProcessedStreamChange();
-    lowerFirstFrameState(C.FIRST_FRAME_NOT_RENDERED_AFTER_STREAM_CHANGE);
+    videoFrameReleaseControl.onProcessedStreamChange();
+    maybeUpdateOnFrameRenderedListener();
     if (videoSinkProvider.isInitialized()) {
       videoSinkProvider.setStreamOffsetUs(getOutputStreamOffsetUs());
     }
@@ -1552,7 +1447,8 @@ public class MediaCodecVideoRenderer extends MediaCodecRenderer implements Video
    */
   protected boolean shouldDropOutputBuffer(
       long earlyUs, long elapsedRealtimeUs, boolean isLastBuffer) {
-    return isBufferLate(earlyUs) && !isLastBuffer;
+    return VideoFrameReleaseControl.FrameTimingEvaluator.DEFAULT.shouldDropFrame(
+        earlyUs, elapsedRealtimeUs, isLastBuffer);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -1567,7 +1463,8 @@ public class MediaCodecVideoRenderer extends MediaCodecRenderer implements Video
    */
   protected boolean shouldDropBuffersToKeyframe(
       long earlyUs, long elapsedRealtimeUs, boolean isLastBuffer) {
-    return isBufferVeryLate(earlyUs) && !isLastBuffer;
+    return VideoFrameReleaseControl.FrameTimingEvaluator.DEFAULT.shouldDropFramesToKeyframe(
+        earlyUs, elapsedRealtimeUs, isLastBuffer);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -1588,8 +1485,8 @@ public class MediaCodecVideoRenderer extends MediaCodecRenderer implements Video
    * @return Returns whether to force rendering an output buffer.
    */
   protected boolean shouldForceRenderOutputBuffer(long earlyUs, long elapsedSinceLastRenderUs) {
-    // Force render late buffers every 100ms to avoid frozen video effect.
+    return VideoFrameReleaseControl.FrameTimingEvaluator.DEFAULT.shouldForceReleaseFrame(
-    return isBufferLate(earlyUs) && elapsedSinceLastRenderUs > 100000;
+        earlyUs, elapsedSinceLastRenderUs);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -1721,7 +1618,6 @@ public class MediaCodecVideoRenderer extends MediaCodecRenderer implements Video
     decoderCounters.renderedOutputBufferCount++;
     consecutiveDroppedFrameCount = 0;
     if (videoSink == null) {
-      lastRenderRealtimeUs = msToUs(getClock().elapsedRealtime());
       maybeNotifyVideoSizeChanged(decodedVideoSize);
       maybeNotifyRenderedFirstFrame();
     }
@@ -1745,7 +1641,6 @@ public class MediaCodecVideoRenderer extends MediaCodecRenderer implements Video
     decoderCounters.renderedOutputBufferCount++;
     consecutiveDroppedFrameCount = 0;
     if (videoSink == null) {
-      lastRenderRealtimeUs = msToUs(getClock().elapsedRealtime());
       maybeNotifyVideoSizeChanged(decodedVideoSize);
       maybeNotifyRenderedFirstFrame();
     }
@@ -1769,15 +1664,7 @@ public class MediaCodecVideoRenderer extends MediaCodecRenderer implements Video
     }
   }
 
-  private void setJoiningDeadlineMs() {
+  private void maybeUpdateOnFrameRenderedListener() {
-    joiningDeadlineMs =
-        allowedJoiningTimeMs > 0
-            ? (getClock().elapsedRealtime() + allowedJoiningTimeMs)
-            : C.TIME_UNSET;
-  }
-
-  private void lowerFirstFrameState(@C.FirstFrameState int firstFrameState) {
-    this.firstFrameState = min(this.firstFrameState, firstFrameState);
     // The first frame notification is triggered by renderOutputBuffer or renderOutputBufferV21 for
     // non-tunneled playback, onQueueInputBuffer for tunneled playback prior to API level 23, and
     // OnFrameRenderedListenerV23.onFrameRenderedListener for tunneled playback on API level 23 and
@@ -1792,13 +1679,17 @@ public class MediaCodecVideoRenderer extends MediaCodecRenderer implements Video
   }
 
   private void maybeNotifyRenderedFirstFrame() {
-    if (displaySurface != null && firstFrameState != C.FIRST_FRAME_RENDERED) {
+    if (videoFrameReleaseControl.onFrameReleasedIsFirstFrame() && displaySurface != null) {
-      firstFrameState = C.FIRST_FRAME_RENDERED;
+      notifyRenderedFirstFrame();
-      eventDispatcher.renderedFirstFrame(displaySurface);
-      haveReportedFirstFrameRenderedForCurrentSurface = true;
     }
   }
 
+  @RequiresNonNull("displaySurface")
+  private void notifyRenderedFirstFrame() {
+    eventDispatcher.renderedFirstFrame(displaySurface);
+    haveReportedFirstFrameRenderedForCurrentSurface = true;
+  }
+
   private void maybeRenotifyRenderedFirstFrame() {
     if (displaySurface != null && haveReportedFirstFrameRenderedForCurrentSurface) {
       eventDispatcher.renderedFirstFrame(displaySurface);
@@ -1838,16 +1729,6 @@ public class MediaCodecVideoRenderer extends MediaCodecRenderer implements Video
     }
   }
 
-  private static boolean isBufferLate(long earlyUs) {
-    // Class a buffer as late if it should have been presented more than 30 ms ago.
-    return earlyUs < -30000;
-  }
-
-  private static boolean isBufferVeryLate(long earlyUs) {
-    // Class a buffer as very late if it should have been presented more than 500 ms ago.
-    return earlyUs < -500000;
-  }
-
   @RequiresApi(29)
   private static void setHdr10PlusInfoV29(MediaCodecAdapter codec, byte[] hdr10PlusInfo) {
     Bundle codecParameters = new Bundle();

libraries/exoplayer/src/main/java/androidx/media3/exoplayer/video/VideoFrameReleaseControl.java

@@ -0,0 +1,466 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package androidx.media3.exoplayer.video;
+
+import static androidx.media3.common.util.Util.msToUs;
+import static java.lang.Math.min;
+import static java.lang.annotation.ElementType.TYPE_USE;
+
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.os.SystemClock;
+import android.view.Surface;
+import androidx.annotation.IntDef;
+import androidx.annotation.Nullable;
+import androidx.media3.common.C;
+import androidx.media3.common.util.Clock;
+import androidx.media3.common.util.UnstableApi;
+import androidx.media3.common.util.Util;
+import androidx.media3.exoplayer.Renderer;
+import java.lang.annotation.Documented;
+import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
+import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
+import java.lang.annotation.Target;
+
+/** Controls the releasing of video frames. */
+/* package */ final class VideoFrameReleaseControl {
+
+  /**
+   * The frame release action returned by {@link #getFrameReleaseAction(long, long, long, long,
+   * boolean, FrameReleaseInfo)}.
+   *
+   * <p>One of {@link #FRAME_RELEASE_IMMEDIATELY}, {@link #FRAME_RELEASE_SCHEDULED}, {@link
+   * #FRAME_RELEASE_DROP}, {@link #FRAME_RELEASE_DROP_TO_KEYFRAME}, {@link ##FRAME_RELEASE_SKIP} or
+   * {@link #FRAME_RELEASE_TRY_AGAIN_LATER}.
+   */
+  @Documented
+  @Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)
+  @Target(TYPE_USE)
+  @UnstableApi
+  @IntDef({
+    FRAME_RELEASE_IMMEDIATELY,
+    FRAME_RELEASE_SCHEDULED,
+    FRAME_RELEASE_DROP,
+    FRAME_RELEASE_DROP_TO_KEYFRAME,
+    FRAME_RELEASE_SKIP,
+    FRAME_RELEASE_SKIP_TO_KEYFRAME,
+    FRAME_RELEASE_TRY_AGAIN_LATER
+  })
+  public @interface FrameReleaseAction {}
+
+  /** Signals a frame should be released immediately. */
+  public static final int FRAME_RELEASE_IMMEDIATELY = 0;
+
+  /**
+   * Signals a frame should be scheduled for release. The release timestamp will be returned by
+   * {@link FrameReleaseInfo#getReleaseTimeNs()}.
+   */
+  public static final int FRAME_RELEASE_SCHEDULED = 1;
+
+  /** Signals a frame should be dropped. */
+  public static final int FRAME_RELEASE_DROP = 2;
+
+  /** Signals frames up to the next key-frame should be dropped. */
+  public static final int FRAME_RELEASE_DROP_TO_KEYFRAME = 3;
+
+  /** Signals that a frame should be skipped. */
+  public static final int FRAME_RELEASE_SKIP = 4;
+
+  /** Signals that frames up to the next key-frame should be skipped. */
+  public static final int FRAME_RELEASE_SKIP_TO_KEYFRAME = 5;
+
+  /** Signals that a frame should not be released and the renderer should try again later. */
+  public static final int FRAME_RELEASE_TRY_AGAIN_LATER = 6;
+
+  /** Per {@link FrameReleaseAction} metadata. */
+  public static class FrameReleaseInfo {
+    private long earlyUs;
+    private long releaseTimeNs;
+
+    /** Resets this instances state. */
+    public FrameReleaseInfo() {
+      earlyUs = C.TIME_UNSET;
+      releaseTimeNs = C.TIME_UNSET;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns this frame's early time compared to the playback position, before any release time
+     * adjustment to the screen vsync slots.
+     */
+    public long getEarlyUs() {
+      return earlyUs;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the release time for the frame, in nanoseconds, or {@link C#TIME_UNSET} if the frame
+     * should not be released yet.
+     */
+    public long getReleaseTimeNs() {
+      return releaseTimeNs;
+    }
+
+    private void reset() {
+      earlyUs = C.TIME_UNSET;
+      releaseTimeNs = C.TIME_UNSET;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Decides whether a frame should be forced to be released, or dropped. */
+  public interface FrameTimingEvaluator {
+    /**
+     * Whether a frame should be forced for release.
+     *
+     * @param earlyUs The time until the buffer should be presented in microseconds. A negative
+     *     value indicates that the buffer is late.
+     * @param elapsedSinceLastReleaseUs The elapsed time since the last frame was released, in
+     *     microseconds.
+     * @return Whether the video frame should be force released.
+     */
+    boolean shouldForceReleaseFrame(long earlyUs, long elapsedSinceLastReleaseUs);
+
+    /**
+     * Returns whether the frame should be dropped.
+     *
+     * @param earlyUs The time until the buffer should be presented in microseconds. A negative
+     *     value indicates that the buffer is late.
+     * @param elapsedRealtimeUs {@link android.os.SystemClock#elapsedRealtime()} in microseconds,
+     *     measured at the start of the current iteration of the rendering loop.
+     * @param isLastFrame Whether the buffer is the last buffer in the current stream.
+     */
+    boolean shouldDropFrame(long earlyUs, long elapsedRealtimeUs, boolean isLastFrame);
+
+    /**
+     * Returns whether to drop all frames starting from this frame to the keyframe at or after the
+     * current playback position, if possible.
+     *
+     * @param earlyUs The time until the current buffer should be presented in microseconds. A
+     *     negative value indicates that the buffer is late.
+     * @param elapsedRealtimeUs {@link android.os.SystemClock#elapsedRealtime()} in microseconds,
+     *     measured at the start of the current iteration of the rendering loop.
+     * @param isLastFrame Whether the frame is the last frame in the current stream.
+     */
+    boolean shouldDropFramesToKeyframe(long earlyUs, long elapsedRealtimeUs, boolean isLastFrame);
+
+    /** The default timing evaluator. */
+    FrameTimingEvaluator DEFAULT =
+        new FrameTimingEvaluator() {
+          @Override
+          public boolean shouldForceReleaseFrame(long earlyUs, long elapsedSinceLastReleaseUs) {
+            // Force render late buffers every 100ms to avoid frozen video effect.
+            return earlyUs < MIN_EARLY_US_LATE_THRESHOLD && elapsedSinceLastReleaseUs > 100_000;
+          }
+
+          @Override
+          public boolean shouldDropFrame(
+              long earlyUs, long elapsedRealtimeUs, boolean isLastFrame) {
+            return earlyUs < MIN_EARLY_US_LATE_THRESHOLD && !isLastFrame;
+          }
+
+          @Override
+          public boolean shouldDropFramesToKeyframe(
+              long earlyUs, long elapsedRealtimeUs, boolean isLastFrame) {
+            return earlyUs < MIN_EARLY_US_VERY_LATE_THRESHOLD && !isLastFrame;
+          }
+        };
+  }
+
+  /** The earliest time threshold, in microseconds, after which a frame is considered late. */
+  private static final long MIN_EARLY_US_LATE_THRESHOLD = -30_000;
+
+  /** The earliest time threshold, in microseconds, after which a frame is considered very late. */
+  private static final long MIN_EARLY_US_VERY_LATE_THRESHOLD = -500_000;
+
+  /** The maximum earliest time, in microseconds, to release a frame on the surface. */
+  private static final long MAX_EARLY_US_THRESHOLD = 50_000;
+
+  private final VideoFrameReleaseHelper frameReleaseHelper;
+  private final long allowedJoiningTimeMs;
+
+  private FrameTimingEvaluator frameTimingEvaluator;
+  private boolean started;
+  private @C.FirstFrameState int firstFrameState;
+  private long initialPositionUs;
+  private long lastReleaseRealtimeUs;
+  private long lastPresentationTimeUs;
+  private long joiningDeadlineMs;
+  private float playbackSpeed;
+  private Clock clock;
+
+  /**
+   * Creates an instance.
+   *
+   * @param applicationContext The application context.
+   * @param allowedJoiningTimeMs The maximum duration in milliseconds for which the renderer can
+   *     attempt to seamlessly join an ongoing playback.
+   */
+  public VideoFrameReleaseControl(Context applicationContext, long allowedJoiningTimeMs) {
+    frameReleaseHelper = new VideoFrameReleaseHelper(applicationContext);
+    this.allowedJoiningTimeMs = allowedJoiningTimeMs;
+    this.frameTimingEvaluator = FrameTimingEvaluator.DEFAULT;
+    firstFrameState = C.FIRST_FRAME_NOT_RENDERED_ONLY_ALLOWED_IF_STARTED;
+    initialPositionUs = C.TIME_UNSET;
+    lastPresentationTimeUs = C.TIME_UNSET;
+    joiningDeadlineMs = C.TIME_UNSET;
+    playbackSpeed = 1f;
+    clock = Clock.DEFAULT;
+  }
+
+  /** Sets the {@link FrameTimingEvaluator}. */
+  public void setFrameTimingEvaluator(FrameTimingEvaluator frameTimingEvaluator) {
+    this.frameTimingEvaluator = frameTimingEvaluator;
+  }
+
+  /** Called when the renderer is enabled. */
+  public void onEnabled(boolean releaseFirstFrameBeforeStarted) {
+    firstFrameState =
+        releaseFirstFrameBeforeStarted
+            ? C.FIRST_FRAME_NOT_RENDERED
+            : C.FIRST_FRAME_NOT_RENDERED_ONLY_ALLOWED_IF_STARTED;
+  }
+
+  /** Called when the renderer is disabled. */
+  public void onDisabled() {
+    lowerFirstFrameState(C.FIRST_FRAME_NOT_RENDERED_ONLY_ALLOWED_IF_STARTED);
+  }
+
+  /** Called when the renderer is started. */
+  public void onStarted() {
+    started = true;
+    lastReleaseRealtimeUs = msToUs(clock.elapsedRealtime());
+    frameReleaseHelper.onStarted();
+  }
+
+  /** Called when the renderer is stopped. */
+  public void onStopped() {
+    started = false;
+    joiningDeadlineMs = C.TIME_UNSET;
+    frameReleaseHelper.onStopped();
+  }
+
+  /** Called when the renderer processed a stream change. */
+  public void onProcessedStreamChange() {
+    lowerFirstFrameState(C.FIRST_FRAME_NOT_RENDERED_AFTER_STREAM_CHANGE);
+  }
+
+  /** Called when the display surface changed. */
+  public void setOutputSurface(@Nullable Surface outputSurface) {
+    frameReleaseHelper.onSurfaceChanged(outputSurface);
+    lowerFirstFrameState(C.FIRST_FRAME_NOT_RENDERED);
+  }
+
+  /** Sets the frame rate. */
+  public void setFrameRate(float frameRate) {
+    frameReleaseHelper.onFormatChanged(frameRate);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Called when a frame have been released.
+   *
+   * @return Whether this is the first released frame.
+   */
+  public boolean onFrameReleasedIsFirstFrame() {
+    boolean firstFrame = firstFrameState != C.FIRST_FRAME_RENDERED;
+    firstFrameState = C.FIRST_FRAME_RENDERED;
+    lastReleaseRealtimeUs = msToUs(clock.elapsedRealtime());
+    return firstFrame;
+  }
+
+  /** Sets the clock that will be used. */
+  public void setClock(Clock clock) {
+    this.clock = clock;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Allows the frame control to indicate the first frame can be released before this instance is
+   * started.
+   */
+  public void allowReleaseFirstFrameBeforeStarted() {
+    if (firstFrameState == C.FIRST_FRAME_NOT_RENDERED_ONLY_ALLOWED_IF_STARTED) {
+      firstFrameState = C.FIRST_FRAME_NOT_RENDERED;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Whether the release control is ready to start playback.
+   *
+   * @see Renderer#isReady()
+   * @param rendererReady Whether the renderer is ready.
+   * @return Whether the release control is ready.
+   */
+  public boolean isReady(boolean rendererReady) {
+    if (rendererReady && firstFrameState == C.FIRST_FRAME_RENDERED) {
+      // Ready. If we were joining then we've now joined, so clear the joining deadline.
+      joiningDeadlineMs = C.TIME_UNSET;
+      return true;
+    } else if (joiningDeadlineMs == C.TIME_UNSET) {
+      // Not joining.
+      return false;
+    } else if (clock.elapsedRealtime() < joiningDeadlineMs) {
+      // Joining and still withing the deadline.
+      return true;
+    } else {
+      // The joining deadline has been exceeded. Give up and clear the deadline.
+      joiningDeadlineMs = C.TIME_UNSET;
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Joins the release control to a new stream. */
+  public void join() {
+    joiningDeadlineMs =
+        allowedJoiningTimeMs > 0 ? (clock.elapsedRealtime() + allowedJoiningTimeMs) : C.TIME_UNSET;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns a {@link FrameReleaseAction} for a video frame which instructs a renderer what to do
+   * with the frame.
+   *
+   * @param presentationTimeUs The presentation time of the video frame, in microseconds.
+   * @param positionUs The current playback position, in microseconds.
+   * @param elapsedRealtimeUs {@link android.os.SystemClock#elapsedRealtime()} in microseconds,
+   *     taken approximately at the time the playback position was {@code positionUs}.
+   * @param outputStreamStartPositionUs The stream's start position, in microseconds.
+   * @param isLastFrame Whether the frame is known to contain the last frame of the current stream.
+   * @param frameReleaseInfo A {@link FrameReleaseInfo} that will be filled with detailed data only
+   *     if the method returns {@link #FRAME_RELEASE_IMMEDIATELY} or {@link
+   *     #FRAME_RELEASE_SCHEDULED}.
+   * @return A {@link FrameReleaseAction} that should instruct the renderer whether to release the
+   *     frame or not.
+   */
+  public @FrameReleaseAction int getFrameReleaseAction(
+      long presentationTimeUs,
+      long positionUs,
+      long elapsedRealtimeUs,
+      long outputStreamStartPositionUs,
+      boolean isLastFrame,
+      FrameReleaseInfo frameReleaseInfo) {
+    frameReleaseInfo.reset();
+
+    if (initialPositionUs == C.TIME_UNSET) {
+      initialPositionUs = positionUs;
+    }
+    if (lastPresentationTimeUs != presentationTimeUs) {
+      frameReleaseHelper.onNextFrame(presentationTimeUs);
+      lastPresentationTimeUs = presentationTimeUs;
+    }
+
+    frameReleaseInfo.earlyUs =
+        calculateEarlyTimeUs(positionUs, elapsedRealtimeUs, presentationTimeUs);
+
+    if (shouldForceRelease(positionUs, frameReleaseInfo.earlyUs, outputStreamStartPositionUs)) {
+      return FRAME_RELEASE_IMMEDIATELY;
+    }
+    if (!started
+        || positionUs == initialPositionUs
+        || frameReleaseInfo.earlyUs > MAX_EARLY_US_THRESHOLD) {
+      return FRAME_RELEASE_TRY_AGAIN_LATER;
+    }
+
+    // Calculate release time and and adjust earlyUs to screen vsync.
+    long systemTimeNs = clock.nanoTime();
+    frameReleaseInfo.releaseTimeNs =
+        frameReleaseHelper.adjustReleaseTime(systemTimeNs + (frameReleaseInfo.earlyUs * 1_000));
+    frameReleaseInfo.earlyUs = (frameReleaseInfo.releaseTimeNs - systemTimeNs) / 1_000;
+    // While joining, late frames are skipped.
+    boolean treatDropAsSkip = joiningDeadlineMs != C.TIME_UNSET;
+    if (frameTimingEvaluator.shouldDropFramesToKeyframe(
+        frameReleaseInfo.earlyUs, elapsedRealtimeUs, isLastFrame)) {
+      return treatDropAsSkip ? FRAME_RELEASE_SKIP_TO_KEYFRAME : FRAME_RELEASE_DROP_TO_KEYFRAME;
+    } else if (frameTimingEvaluator.shouldDropFrame(
+        frameReleaseInfo.earlyUs, elapsedRealtimeUs, isLastFrame)) {
+      // While joining, dropped buffers are considered skipped.
+      return treatDropAsSkip ? FRAME_RELEASE_SKIP : FRAME_RELEASE_DROP;
+    }
+    return FRAME_RELEASE_SCHEDULED;
+  }
+
+  /** Resets the release control. */
+  public void reset() {
+    frameReleaseHelper.onPositionReset();
+    lastPresentationTimeUs = C.TIME_UNSET;
+    initialPositionUs = C.TIME_UNSET;
+    lowerFirstFrameState(C.FIRST_FRAME_NOT_RENDERED);
+    joiningDeadlineMs = C.TIME_UNSET;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Change the {@link C.VideoChangeFrameRateStrategy}, used when calling {@link
+   * Surface#setFrameRate}.
+   */
+  public void setChangeFrameRateStrategy(
+      @C.VideoChangeFrameRateStrategy int changeFrameRateStrategy) {
+    frameReleaseHelper.setChangeFrameRateStrategy(changeFrameRateStrategy);
+  }
+
+  /** Sets the playback speed. Called when the renderer playback speed changes. */
+  public void setPlaybackSpeed(float speed) {
+    this.playbackSpeed = speed;
+    frameReleaseHelper.onPlaybackSpeed(speed);
+  }
+
+  private void lowerFirstFrameState(@C.FirstFrameState int firstFrameState) {
+    this.firstFrameState = min(this.firstFrameState, firstFrameState);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Calculates the time interval between the current player position and the frame presentation
+   * time.
+   *
+   * @param positionUs The current media time in microseconds, measured at the start of the current
+   *     iteration of the rendering loop.
+   * @param elapsedRealtimeUs {@link SystemClock#elapsedRealtime()} in microseconds, measured at the
+   *     start of the current iteration of the rendering loop.
+   * @param framePresentationTimeUs The presentation time of the frame in microseconds.
+   * @return The calculated early time, in microseconds.
+   */
+  private long calculateEarlyTimeUs(
+      long positionUs, long elapsedRealtimeUs, long framePresentationTimeUs) {
+    // Calculate how early we are. In other words, the realtime duration that needs to elapse whilst
+    // the renderer is started before the frame should be rendered. A negative value means that
+    // we're already late.
+    // Note: Use of double rather than float is intentional for accuracy in the calculations below.
+    long earlyUs = (long) ((framePresentationTimeUs - positionUs) / (double) playbackSpeed);
+    if (started) {
+      // Account for the elapsed time since the start of this iteration of the rendering loop.
+      earlyUs -= Util.msToUs(clock.elapsedRealtime()) - elapsedRealtimeUs;
+    }
+
+    return earlyUs;
+  }
+
+  /** Returns whether a frame should be force released. */
+  private boolean shouldForceRelease(
+      long positionUs, long earlyUs, long outputStreamStartPositionUs) {
+    if (joiningDeadlineMs != C.TIME_UNSET) {
+      // No force releasing during joining.
+      return false;
+    }
+    switch (firstFrameState) {
+      case C.FIRST_FRAME_NOT_RENDERED_ONLY_ALLOWED_IF_STARTED:
+        return started;
+      case C.FIRST_FRAME_NOT_RENDERED:
+        return true;
+      case C.FIRST_FRAME_NOT_RENDERED_AFTER_STREAM_CHANGE:
+        return positionUs >= outputStreamStartPositionUs;
+      case C.FIRST_FRAME_RENDERED:
+        long elapsedTimeSinceLastReleaseUs =
+            msToUs(clock.elapsedRealtime()) - lastReleaseRealtimeUs;
+        return started
+            && frameTimingEvaluator.shouldForceReleaseFrame(earlyUs, elapsedTimeSinceLastReleaseUs);
+      default:
+        throw new IllegalStateException();
+    }
+  }
+}

libraries/exoplayer/src/main/java/androidx/media3/exoplayer/video/VideoSink.java

@@ -55,6 +55,9 @@ import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
     /** Called when the sink renderers the first frame. */
     void onFirstFrameRendered(VideoSink videoSink);
 
+    /** Called when the sink dropped a frame. */
+    void onFrameDropped(VideoSink videoSink);
+
     /** Called when the output video size changed. */
     void onVideoSizeChanged(VideoSink videoSink, VideoSize videoSize);
 
@@ -62,49 +65,6 @@ import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
     void onError(VideoSink videoSink, VideoSinkException videoSinkException);
   }
 
-  /** Controls the rendering of video frames. */
-  interface RenderControl {
-    /** Signals a frame must be rendered immediately. */
-    long RENDER_TIME_IMMEDIATELY = -1;
-
-    /** Signals a frame must be dropped. */
-    long RENDER_TIME_DROP = -2;
-
-    /** Signals that a frame should not be rendered yet. */
-    long RENDER_TIME_TRY_AGAIN_LATER = -3;
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the render timestamp, in nanoseconds, associated with this video frames or one of the
-     * {@code RENDER_TIME_} constants if the frame must be rendered immediately, dropped or not
-     * rendered yet.
-     *
-     * @param presentationTimeUs The presentation time of the video frame, in microseconds.
-     * @param positionUs The current playback position, in microseconds.
-     * @param elapsedRealtimeUs {@link android.os.SystemClock#elapsedRealtime()} in microseconds,
-     *     taken approximately at the time the playback position was {@code positionUs}.
-     * @param playbackSpeed The current playback speed.
-     * @return The render timestamp, in nanoseconds, associated with this frame, or one of the
-     *     {@code RENDER_TIME_} constants if the frame must be rendered immediately, dropped or not
-     *     rendered yet.
-     */
-    long getFrameRenderTimeNs(
-        long presentationTimeUs, long positionUs, long elapsedRealtimeUs, float playbackSpeed);
-
-    /**
-     * Informs the rendering control that a video frame will be rendered. Call this method before
-     * rendering a frame.
-     *
-     * @param presentationTimeUs The frame's presentation time, in microseconds.
-     */
-    void onNextFrame(long presentationTimeUs);
-
-    /** Informs the rendering control that a video frame was rendered. */
-    void onFrameRendered();
-
-    /** Informs the rendering control that a video frame was dropped. */
-    void onFrameDropped();
-  }
-
   /**
    * Specifies how the input frames are made available to the video sink. One of {@link
    * #INPUT_TYPE_SURFACE} or {@link #INPUT_TYPE_BITMAP}.

libraries/exoplayer/src/test/java/androidx/media3/exoplayer/video/CompositingVideoSinkProviderTest.java

@@ -132,11 +132,13 @@ public final class CompositingVideoSinkProviderTest {
   }
 
   private static CompositingVideoSinkProvider createCompositingVideoSinkProvider() {
-    VideoSink.RenderControl renderControl = new TestRenderControl();
+    VideoFrameReleaseControl releaseControl =
+        new VideoFrameReleaseControl(
+            ApplicationProvider.getApplicationContext(), /* allowedJoiningTimeMs= */ 0);
     return new CompositingVideoSinkProvider(
         ApplicationProvider.getApplicationContext(),
         new TestPreviewingVideoGraphFactory(),
-        renderControl);
+        releaseControl);
   }
 
   private static class TestPreviewingVideoGraphFactory implements PreviewingVideoGraph.Factory {
@@ -161,22 +163,4 @@ public final class CompositingVideoSinkProviderTest {
       return previewingVideoGraph;
     }
   }
-
-  private static class TestRenderControl implements VideoSink.RenderControl {
-
-    @Override
-    public long getFrameRenderTimeNs(
-        long presentationTimeUs, long positionUs, long elapsedRealtimeUs, float playbackSpeed) {
-      return presentationTimeUs;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public void onNextFrame(long presentationTimeUs) {}
-
-    @Override
-    public void onFrameRendered() {}
-
-    @Override
-    public void onFrameDropped() {}
-  }
 }

libraries/exoplayer/src/test/java/androidx/media3/exoplayer/video/VideoFrameReleaseControlTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,505 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package androidx.media3.exoplayer.video;
+
+import static com.google.common.truth.Truth.assertThat;
+
+import androidx.media3.test.utils.FakeClock;
+import androidx.test.core.app.ApplicationProvider;
+import androidx.test.ext.junit.runners.AndroidJUnit4;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+
+/** Unit tests for {@link VideoFrameReleaseControl}. */
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+public class VideoFrameReleaseControlTest {
+  @Test
+  public void isReady_onNewInstance_returnsFalse() {
+    VideoFrameReleaseControl videoFrameReleaseControl = createVideoFrameReleaseControl();
+
+    assertThat(videoFrameReleaseControl.isReady(/* rendererReady= */ true)).isFalse();
+    assertThat(videoFrameReleaseControl.isReady(/* rendererReady= */ false)).isFalse();
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void isReady_afterReleasingFrame_returnsTrue() {
+    VideoFrameReleaseControl videoFrameReleaseControl = createVideoFrameReleaseControl();
+
+    assertThat(videoFrameReleaseControl.onFrameReleasedIsFirstFrame()).isTrue();
+    assertThat(videoFrameReleaseControl.isReady(/* rendererReady= */ true)).isTrue();
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void isReady_withinJoiningDeadline_returnsTrue() {
+    FakeClock clock = new FakeClock(/* isAutoAdvancing= */ false);
+    VideoFrameReleaseControl videoFrameReleaseControl =
+        createVideoFrameReleaseControl(/* allowedJoiningTimeMs= */ 100);
+    videoFrameReleaseControl.setClock(clock);
+
+    videoFrameReleaseControl.join();
+
+    assertThat(videoFrameReleaseControl.isReady(/* rendererReady= */ false)).isTrue();
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void isReady_joiningDeadlineExceeded_returnsFalse() {
+    FakeClock clock = new FakeClock(/* isAutoAdvancing= */ false);
+    VideoFrameReleaseControl videoFrameReleaseControl =
+        createVideoFrameReleaseControl(/* allowedJoiningTimeMs= */ 100);
+    videoFrameReleaseControl.setClock(clock);
+
+    videoFrameReleaseControl.join();
+    assertThat(videoFrameReleaseControl.isReady(/* rendererReady= */ false)).isTrue();
+
+    clock.advanceTime(/* timeDiffMs= */ 101);
+
+    assertThat(videoFrameReleaseControl.isReady(/* rendererReady= */ false)).isFalse();
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void onFrameReleasedIsFirstFrame_resetsAfterOnEnabled() {
+    VideoFrameReleaseControl videoFrameReleaseControl = createVideoFrameReleaseControl();
+
+    assertThat(videoFrameReleaseControl.onFrameReleasedIsFirstFrame()).isTrue();
+    videoFrameReleaseControl.onEnabled(/* releaseFirstFrameBeforeStarted= */ true);
+
+    assertThat(videoFrameReleaseControl.onFrameReleasedIsFirstFrame()).isTrue();
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void onFrameReleasedIsFirstFrame_resetsAfterOnProcessedStreamChange() {
+    VideoFrameReleaseControl videoFrameReleaseControl = createVideoFrameReleaseControl();
+
+    assertThat(videoFrameReleaseControl.onFrameReleasedIsFirstFrame()).isTrue();
+    videoFrameReleaseControl.onProcessedStreamChange();
+
+    assertThat(videoFrameReleaseControl.onFrameReleasedIsFirstFrame()).isTrue();
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void onFrameReleasedIsFirstFrame_resetsAfterSetOutputSurface() {
+    VideoFrameReleaseControl videoFrameReleaseControl = createVideoFrameReleaseControl();
+
+    assertThat(videoFrameReleaseControl.onFrameReleasedIsFirstFrame()).isTrue();
+    videoFrameReleaseControl.setOutputSurface(/* outputSurface= */ null);
+
+    assertThat(videoFrameReleaseControl.onFrameReleasedIsFirstFrame()).isTrue();
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void isReady_afterReset_returnsFalse() {
+    VideoFrameReleaseControl videoFrameReleaseControl = createVideoFrameReleaseControl();
+
+    videoFrameReleaseControl.onFrameReleasedIsFirstFrame();
+    assertThat(videoFrameReleaseControl.isReady(/* rendererReady= */ true)).isTrue();
+    videoFrameReleaseControl.reset();
+
+    assertThat(videoFrameReleaseControl.isReady(/* rendererReady= */ true)).isFalse();
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void getFrameReleaseAction_firstFrameAllowedBeforeStart_returnsReleaseImmediately() {
+    VideoFrameReleaseControl.FrameReleaseInfo frameReleaseInfo =
+        new VideoFrameReleaseControl.FrameReleaseInfo();
+    VideoFrameReleaseControl videoFrameReleaseControl = createVideoFrameReleaseControl();
+    videoFrameReleaseControl.onEnabled(/* releaseFirstFrameBeforeStarted= */ true);
+
+    assertThat(
+            videoFrameReleaseControl.getFrameReleaseAction(
+                /* presentationTimeUs= */ 0,
+                /* positionUs= */ 0,
+                /* elapsedRealtimeUs= */ 0,
+                /* outputStreamStartPositionUs= */ 0,
+                /* isLastFrame= */ false,
+                frameReleaseInfo))
+        .isEqualTo(VideoFrameReleaseControl.FRAME_RELEASE_IMMEDIATELY);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void getFrameReleaseAction_firstFrameNotAllowedBeforeStart_returnsTryAgainLater() {
+    VideoFrameReleaseControl.FrameReleaseInfo frameReleaseInfo =
+        new VideoFrameReleaseControl.FrameReleaseInfo();
+    VideoFrameReleaseControl videoFrameReleaseControl = createVideoFrameReleaseControl();
+    videoFrameReleaseControl.onEnabled(/* releaseFirstFrameBeforeStarted= */ false);
+
+    assertThat(
+            videoFrameReleaseControl.getFrameReleaseAction(
+                /* presentationTimeUs= */ 0,
+                /* positionUs= */ 0,
+                /* elapsedRealtimeUs= */ 0,
+                /* outputStreamStartPositionUs= */ 0,
+                /* isLastFrame= */ false,
+                frameReleaseInfo))
+        .isEqualTo(VideoFrameReleaseControl.FRAME_RELEASE_TRY_AGAIN_LATER);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void
+      getFrameReleaseAction_firstFrameNotAllowedBeforeStartAndStarted_returnsReleaseImmediately() {
+    VideoFrameReleaseControl.FrameReleaseInfo frameReleaseInfo =
+        new VideoFrameReleaseControl.FrameReleaseInfo();
+    FakeClock clock = new FakeClock(/* isAutoAdvancing= */ false);
+    VideoFrameReleaseControl videoFrameReleaseControl = createVideoFrameReleaseControl();
+    videoFrameReleaseControl.setClock(clock);
+    videoFrameReleaseControl.onEnabled(/* releaseFirstFrameBeforeStarted= */ false);
+
+    videoFrameReleaseControl.onStarted();
+
+    assertThat(
+            videoFrameReleaseControl.getFrameReleaseAction(
+                /* presentationTimeUs= */ 0,
+                /* positionUs= */ 0,
+                /* elapsedRealtimeUs= */ 0,
+                /* outputStreamStartPositionUs= */ 0,
+                /* isLastFrame= */ false,
+                frameReleaseInfo))
+        .isEqualTo(VideoFrameReleaseControl.FRAME_RELEASE_IMMEDIATELY);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void getFrameReleaseAction_secondFrameAndNotStarted_returnsTryAgainLater() {
+    VideoFrameReleaseControl.FrameReleaseInfo frameReleaseInfo =
+        new VideoFrameReleaseControl.FrameReleaseInfo();
+    FakeClock clock = new FakeClock(/* isAutoAdvancing= */ false);
+    VideoFrameReleaseControl videoFrameReleaseControl = createVideoFrameReleaseControl();
+    videoFrameReleaseControl.setClock(clock);
+    videoFrameReleaseControl.onEnabled(/* releaseFirstFrameBeforeStarted= */ true);
+
+    // First frame released.
+    assertThat(
+            videoFrameReleaseControl.getFrameReleaseAction(
+                /* presentationTimeUs= */ 0,
+                /* positionUs= */ 0,
+                /* elapsedRealtimeUs= */ 0,
+                /* outputStreamStartPositionUs= */ 0,
+                /* isLastFrame= */ false,
+                frameReleaseInfo))
+        .isEqualTo(VideoFrameReleaseControl.FRAME_RELEASE_IMMEDIATELY);
+    videoFrameReleaseControl.onFrameReleasedIsFirstFrame();
+
+    // Second frame
+    assertThat(
+            videoFrameReleaseControl.getFrameReleaseAction(
+                /* presentationTimeUs= */ 10_000,
+                /* positionUs= */ 0,
+                /* elapsedRealtimeUs= */ 0,
+                /* outputStreamStartPositionUs= */ 0,
+                /* isLastFrame= */ false,
+                frameReleaseInfo))
+        .isEqualTo(VideoFrameReleaseControl.FRAME_RELEASE_TRY_AGAIN_LATER);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void getFrameReleaseAction_secondFrameAndStarted_returnsScheduled() {
+    VideoFrameReleaseControl.FrameReleaseInfo frameReleaseInfo =
+        new VideoFrameReleaseControl.FrameReleaseInfo();
+    FakeClock clock = new FakeClock(/* isAutoAdvancing= */ false);
+    VideoFrameReleaseControl videoFrameReleaseControl = createVideoFrameReleaseControl();
+    videoFrameReleaseControl.setClock(clock);
+    videoFrameReleaseControl.onEnabled(/* releaseFirstFrameBeforeStarted= */ true);
+    videoFrameReleaseControl.onStarted();
+
+    // First frame released.
+    assertThat(
+            videoFrameReleaseControl.getFrameReleaseAction(
+                /* presentationTimeUs= */ 0,
+                /* positionUs= */ 0,
+                /* elapsedRealtimeUs= */ 0,
+                /* outputStreamStartPositionUs= */ 0,
+                /* isLastFrame= */ false,
+                frameReleaseInfo))
+        .isEqualTo(VideoFrameReleaseControl.FRAME_RELEASE_IMMEDIATELY);
+    videoFrameReleaseControl.onFrameReleasedIsFirstFrame();
+
+    // Second frame
+    assertThat(
+            videoFrameReleaseControl.getFrameReleaseAction(
+                /* presentationTimeUs= */ 10_000,
+                /* positionUs= */ 1,
+                /* elapsedRealtimeUs= */ 1,
+                /* outputStreamStartPositionUs= */ 0,
+                /* isLastFrame= */ false,
+                frameReleaseInfo))
+        .isEqualTo(VideoFrameReleaseControl.FRAME_RELEASE_SCHEDULED);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void getFrameReleaseAction_secondFrameEarly_returnsTryAgainLater() {
+    VideoFrameReleaseControl.FrameReleaseInfo frameReleaseInfo =
+        new VideoFrameReleaseControl.FrameReleaseInfo();
+    FakeClock clock = new FakeClock(/* isAutoAdvancing= */ false);
+    VideoFrameReleaseControl videoFrameReleaseControl = createVideoFrameReleaseControl();
+    videoFrameReleaseControl.setClock(clock);
+    videoFrameReleaseControl.onEnabled(/* releaseFirstFrameBeforeStarted= */ true);
+
+    videoFrameReleaseControl.onStarted();
+
+    // First frame released.
+    assertThat(
+            videoFrameReleaseControl.getFrameReleaseAction(
+                /* presentationTimeUs= */ 0,
+                /* positionUs= */ 0,
+                /* elapsedRealtimeUs= */ 0,
+                /* outputStreamStartPositionUs= */ 0,
+                /* isLastFrame= */ false,
+                frameReleaseInfo))
+        .isEqualTo(VideoFrameReleaseControl.FRAME_RELEASE_IMMEDIATELY);
+    videoFrameReleaseControl.onFrameReleasedIsFirstFrame();
+    clock.advanceTime(/* timeDiffMs= */ 10);
+
+    // Second frame is 51 ms too soon.
+    assertThat(
+            videoFrameReleaseControl.getFrameReleaseAction(
+                /* presentationTimeUs= */ 61_000,
+                /* positionUs= */ 10_000,
+                /* elapsedRealtimeUs= */ 10_000,
+                /* outputStreamStartPositionUs= */ 0,
+                /* isLastFrame= */ false,
+                frameReleaseInfo))
+        .isEqualTo(VideoFrameReleaseControl.FRAME_RELEASE_TRY_AGAIN_LATER);
+    assertThat(frameReleaseInfo.getEarlyUs()).isEqualTo(51_000);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void getFrameReleaseAction_frameLate_returnsDrop() {
+    VideoFrameReleaseControl.FrameReleaseInfo frameReleaseInfo =
+        new VideoFrameReleaseControl.FrameReleaseInfo();
+    FakeClock clock = new FakeClock(/* isAutoAdvancing= */ false);
+    VideoFrameReleaseControl videoFrameReleaseControl = createVideoFrameReleaseControl();
+    videoFrameReleaseControl.setClock(clock);
+    videoFrameReleaseControl.onEnabled(/* releaseFirstFrameBeforeStarted= */ true);
+
+    videoFrameReleaseControl.onStarted();
+
+    // First frame released.
+    assertThat(
+            videoFrameReleaseControl.getFrameReleaseAction(
+                /* presentationTimeUs= */ 0,
+                /* positionUs= */ 0,
+                /* elapsedRealtimeUs= */ 0,
+                /* outputStreamStartPositionUs= */ 0,
+                /* isLastFrame= */ false,
+                frameReleaseInfo))
+        .isEqualTo(VideoFrameReleaseControl.FRAME_RELEASE_IMMEDIATELY);
+    videoFrameReleaseControl.onFrameReleasedIsFirstFrame();
+    clock.advanceTime(/* timeDiffMs= */ 40);
+
+    // Second frame is 31 ms late.
+    assertThat(
+            videoFrameReleaseControl.getFrameReleaseAction(
+                /* presentationTimeUs= */ 9_000,
+                /* positionUs= */ 40_000,
+                /* elapsedRealtimeUs= */ 40_000,
+                /* outputStreamStartPositionUs= */ 0,
+                /* isLastFrame= */ false,
+                frameReleaseInfo))
+        .isEqualTo(VideoFrameReleaseControl.FRAME_RELEASE_DROP);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void getFrameReleaseAction_frameLateWhileJoining_returnsSkip() {
+    VideoFrameReleaseControl.FrameReleaseInfo frameReleaseInfo =
+        new VideoFrameReleaseControl.FrameReleaseInfo();
+    FakeClock clock = new FakeClock(/* isAutoAdvancing= */ false);
+    VideoFrameReleaseControl videoFrameReleaseControl =
+        createVideoFrameReleaseControl(/* allowedJoiningTimeMs= */ 1234);
+    videoFrameReleaseControl.setClock(clock);
+    videoFrameReleaseControl.onEnabled(/* releaseFirstFrameBeforeStarted= */ true);
+
+    videoFrameReleaseControl.onStarted();
+
+    // First frame released.
+    assertThat(
+            videoFrameReleaseControl.getFrameReleaseAction(
+                /* presentationTimeUs= */ 0,
+                /* positionUs= */ 0,
+                /* elapsedRealtimeUs= */ 0,
+                /* outputStreamStartPositionUs= */ 0,
+                /* isLastFrame= */ false,
+                frameReleaseInfo))
+        .isEqualTo(VideoFrameReleaseControl.FRAME_RELEASE_IMMEDIATELY);
+    videoFrameReleaseControl.onFrameReleasedIsFirstFrame();
+    clock.advanceTime(/* timeDiffMs= */ 40);
+
+    // Start joining.
+    videoFrameReleaseControl.join();
+
+    // Second frame is 31 ms late.
+    assertThat(
+            videoFrameReleaseControl.getFrameReleaseAction(
+                /* presentationTimeUs= */ 9_000,
+                /* positionUs= */ 40_000,
+                /* elapsedRealtimeUs= */ 40_000,
+                /* outputStreamStartPositionUs= */ 0,
+                /* isLastFrame= */ false,
+                frameReleaseInfo))
+        .isEqualTo(VideoFrameReleaseControl.FRAME_RELEASE_SKIP);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void getFrameReleaseAction_frameVeryLate_returnsDropToKeyframe() {
+    VideoFrameReleaseControl.FrameReleaseInfo frameReleaseInfo =
+        new VideoFrameReleaseControl.FrameReleaseInfo();
+    FakeClock clock = new FakeClock(/* isAutoAdvancing= */ false);
+    VideoFrameReleaseControl videoFrameReleaseControl =
+        new VideoFrameReleaseControl(
+            ApplicationProvider.getApplicationContext(), /* allowedJoiningTimeMs= */ 0);
+    videoFrameReleaseControl.setClock(clock);
+    videoFrameReleaseControl.setFrameTimingEvaluator(
+        new TestFrameTimingEvaluator(/* shouldForceRelease= */ false));
+    videoFrameReleaseControl.onEnabled(/* releaseFirstFrameBeforeStarted= */ true);
+
+    videoFrameReleaseControl.onStarted();
+
+    // First frame released.
+    assertThat(
+            videoFrameReleaseControl.getFrameReleaseAction(
+                /* presentationTimeUs= */ 0,
+                /* positionUs= */ 0,
+                /* elapsedRealtimeUs= */ 0,
+                /* outputStreamStartPositionUs= */ 0,
+                /* isLastFrame= */ false,
+                frameReleaseInfo))
+        .isEqualTo(VideoFrameReleaseControl.FRAME_RELEASE_IMMEDIATELY);
+    videoFrameReleaseControl.onFrameReleasedIsFirstFrame();
+    clock.advanceTime(/* timeDiffMs= */ 1_000);
+
+    assertThat(
+            videoFrameReleaseControl.getFrameReleaseAction(
+                /* presentationTimeUs= */ 1_000,
+                /* positionUs= */ 1_000_000,
+                /* elapsedRealtimeUs= */ 1_000_000,
+                /* outputStreamStartPositionUs= */ 0,
+                /* isLastFrame= */ false,
+                frameReleaseInfo))
+        .isEqualTo(VideoFrameReleaseControl.FRAME_RELEASE_DROP_TO_KEYFRAME);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void getFrameReleaseAction_frameVeryLateAndJoining_returnsSkipToFrame() {
+    VideoFrameReleaseControl.FrameReleaseInfo frameReleaseInfo =
+        new VideoFrameReleaseControl.FrameReleaseInfo();
+    FakeClock clock = new FakeClock(/* isAutoAdvancing= */ false);
+    VideoFrameReleaseControl videoFrameReleaseControl =
+        createVideoFrameReleaseControl(/* allowedJoiningTimeMs= */ 1234);
+    videoFrameReleaseControl.setClock(clock);
+    videoFrameReleaseControl.onEnabled(/* releaseFirstFrameBeforeStarted= */ true);
+
+    videoFrameReleaseControl.onStarted();
+
+    // First frame released.
+    assertThat(
+            videoFrameReleaseControl.getFrameReleaseAction(
+                /* presentationTimeUs= */ 0,
+                /* positionUs= */ 0,
+                /* elapsedRealtimeUs= */ 0,
+                /* outputStreamStartPositionUs= */ 0,
+                /* isLastFrame= */ false,
+                frameReleaseInfo))
+        .isEqualTo(VideoFrameReleaseControl.FRAME_RELEASE_IMMEDIATELY);
+    videoFrameReleaseControl.onFrameReleasedIsFirstFrame();
+    clock.advanceTime(/* timeDiffMs= */ 1_000);
+    videoFrameReleaseControl.join();
+
+    assertThat(
+            videoFrameReleaseControl.getFrameReleaseAction(
+                /* presentationTimeUs= */ 1_000,
+                /* positionUs= */ 1_000_000,
+                /* elapsedRealtimeUs= */ 1_000_000,
+                /* outputStreamStartPositionUs= */ 0,
+                /* isLastFrame= */ false,
+                frameReleaseInfo))
+        .isEqualTo(VideoFrameReleaseControl.FRAME_RELEASE_SKIP_TO_KEYFRAME);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void
+      getFrameReleaseAction_frameVeryLateAndFrameTimeEvaluatorForcesFrameRelease_returnsReleaseImmediately() {
+    VideoFrameReleaseControl.FrameReleaseInfo frameReleaseInfo =
+        new VideoFrameReleaseControl.FrameReleaseInfo();
+    FakeClock clock = new FakeClock(/* isAutoAdvancing= */ false);
+    VideoFrameReleaseControl videoFrameReleaseControl =
+        new VideoFrameReleaseControl(
+            ApplicationProvider.getApplicationContext(), /* allowedJoiningTimeMs= */ 0);
+    videoFrameReleaseControl.setFrameTimingEvaluator(
+        /* frameTimingEvaluator= */ new TestFrameTimingEvaluator(/* shouldForceRelease= */ true));
+    videoFrameReleaseControl.setClock(clock);
+    videoFrameReleaseControl.onEnabled(/* releaseFirstFrameBeforeStarted= */ true);
+
+    videoFrameReleaseControl.onStarted();
+
+    // First frame released.
+    assertThat(
+            videoFrameReleaseControl.getFrameReleaseAction(
+                /* presentationTimeUs= */ 0,
+                /* positionUs= */ 0,
+                /* elapsedRealtimeUs= */ 0,
+                /* outputStreamStartPositionUs= */ 0,
+                /* isLastFrame= */ false,
+                frameReleaseInfo))
+        .isEqualTo(VideoFrameReleaseControl.FRAME_RELEASE_IMMEDIATELY);
+    videoFrameReleaseControl.onFrameReleasedIsFirstFrame();
+    clock.advanceTime(/* timeDiffMs= */ 1_000);
+
+    assertThat(
+            videoFrameReleaseControl.getFrameReleaseAction(
+                /* presentationTimeUs= */ 1_000,
+                /* positionUs= */ 1_000_000,
+                /* elapsedRealtimeUs= */ 1_000_000,
+                /* outputStreamStartPositionUs= */ 0,
+                /* isLastFrame= */ false,
+                frameReleaseInfo))
+        .isEqualTo(VideoFrameReleaseControl.FRAME_RELEASE_IMMEDIATELY);
+  }
+
+  private static VideoFrameReleaseControl createVideoFrameReleaseControl() {
+    return createVideoFrameReleaseControl(/* allowedJoiningTimeMs= */ 0);
+  }
+
+  private static VideoFrameReleaseControl createVideoFrameReleaseControl(
+      long allowedJoiningTimeMs) {
+    return new VideoFrameReleaseControl(
+        ApplicationProvider.getApplicationContext(), allowedJoiningTimeMs);
+  }
+
+  private static class TestFrameTimingEvaluator
+      implements VideoFrameReleaseControl.FrameTimingEvaluator {
+
+    private final boolean shouldForceRelease;
+
+    public TestFrameTimingEvaluator(boolean shouldForceRelease) {
+      this.shouldForceRelease = shouldForceRelease;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean shouldForceReleaseFrame(long earlyUs, long elapsedSinceLastReleaseUs) {
+      return shouldForceRelease;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean shouldDropFrame(long earlyUs, long elapsedRealtimeUs, boolean isLastFrame) {
+      return VideoFrameReleaseControl.FrameTimingEvaluator.DEFAULT.shouldDropFrame(
+          earlyUs, elapsedRealtimeUs, isLastFrame);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean shouldDropFramesToKeyframe(
+        long earlyUs, long elapsedRealtimeUs, boolean isLastFrame) {
+      return VideoFrameReleaseControl.FrameTimingEvaluator.DEFAULT.shouldDropFramesToKeyframe(
+          earlyUs, elapsedRealtimeUs, isLastFrame);
+    }
+  }
+}