diff --git a/libraries/effect/src/main/java/androidx/media3/effect/OverlayEffect.java b/libraries/effect/src/main/java/androidx/media3/effect/OverlayEffect.java
index 418790859d..49416f29e3 100644
--- a/libraries/effect/src/main/java/androidx/media3/effect/OverlayEffect.java
+++ b/libraries/effect/src/main/java/androidx/media3/effect/OverlayEffect.java
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ import android.content.Context;
 import androidx.media3.common.VideoFrameProcessingException;
 import androidx.media3.common.util.UnstableApi;
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
+import java.util.List;
 
 /**
  * Applies a list of {@link TextureOverlay}s to a frame in FIFO order (the last overlay in the list
@@ -36,10 +37,12 @@ public final class OverlayEffect implements GlEffect {
   /**
    * Creates a new instance for the given list of {@link TextureOverlay}s.
    *
-   * @param textureOverlays The {@link TextureOverlay}s to be blended into the frame.
+   * @param textureOverlays The {@link TextureOverlay}s to be blended into the frame. To modify the
+   *     list of {@link TextureOverlay TextureOverlays}, one must recreate a new {@code
+   *     OverlayEffect} with the updated list.
    */
-  public OverlayEffect(ImmutableList<TextureOverlay> textureOverlays) {
-    this.overlays = textureOverlays;
+  public OverlayEffect(List<TextureOverlay> textureOverlays) {
+    this.overlays = ImmutableList.copyOf(textureOverlays);
   }
 
   @Override