diff --git a/libraries/effect/src/androidTest/java/androidx/media3/effect/FrameDropTest.java b/libraries/effect/src/androidTest/java/androidx/media3/effect/FrameDropTest.java
index 8ae0125049..20583691d1 100644
--- a/libraries/effect/src/androidTest/java/androidx/media3/effect/FrameDropTest.java
+++ b/libraries/effect/src/androidTest/java/androidx/media3/effect/FrameDropTest.java
@@ -59,8 +59,6 @@ public class FrameDropTest {
     checkNotNull(videoFrameProcessorTestRunner).release();
   }
 
-  // TODO: b/536973872 - When support for testing multiple frames in the output, test whether the
-  //  correct frames comes out.
   @RequiresNonNull("actualPresentationTimesUs")
   @Test
   public void frameDrop_withDefaultStrategy_outputsFramesAtTheCorrectPresentationTimesUs()
@@ -72,9 +70,10 @@ public class FrameDropTest {
             .setOnOutputFrameAvailableForRenderingListener(actualPresentationTimesUs::add)
             .build();
 
+    videoFrameProcessorTestRunner.registerInputStream(INPUT_TYPE_BITMAP);
     ImmutableList<Integer> timestampsMs = ImmutableList.of(0, 16, 32, 48, 58, 71, 86);
     for (int timestampMs : timestampsMs) {
-      videoFrameProcessorTestRunner.registerAndQueueInputBitmap(
+      videoFrameProcessorTestRunner.queueInputBitmap(
           readBitmap(ORIGINAL_PNG_ASSET_PATH),
           /* durationUs= */ C.MICROS_PER_SECOND,
           /* offsetToAddUs= */ timestampMs * 1000L,
diff --git a/libraries/effect/src/main/java/androidx/media3/effect/BaseGlShaderProgram.java b/libraries/effect/src/main/java/androidx/media3/effect/BaseGlShaderProgram.java
index 35e2193e4a..4484d5fd01 100644
--- a/libraries/effect/src/main/java/androidx/media3/effect/BaseGlShaderProgram.java
+++ b/libraries/effect/src/main/java/androidx/media3/effect/BaseGlShaderProgram.java
@@ -44,8 +44,8 @@ import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
  */
 @UnstableApi
 public abstract class BaseGlShaderProgram implements GlShaderProgram {
-  private final TexturePool outputTexturePool;
-  protected InputListener inputListener;
+  protected final TexturePool outputTexturePool;
+  private InputListener inputListener;
   private OutputListener outputListener;
   private ErrorListener errorListener;
   private Executor errorListenerExecutor;
@@ -184,4 +184,17 @@ public abstract class BaseGlShaderProgram implements GlShaderProgram {
       throw new VideoFrameProcessingException(e);
     }
   }
+
+  protected final InputListener getInputListener() {
+    return inputListener;
+  }
+
+  protected final OutputListener getOutputListener() {
+    return outputListener;
+  }
+
+  protected final void onError(Exception e) {
+    errorListenerExecutor.execute(
+        () -> errorListener.onError(VideoFrameProcessingException.from(e)));
+  }
 }
diff --git a/libraries/effect/src/main/java/androidx/media3/effect/DefaultFrameDroppingShaderProgram.java b/libraries/effect/src/main/java/androidx/media3/effect/DefaultFrameDroppingShaderProgram.java
index 5686cef8f5..7882ad2ef7 100644
--- a/libraries/effect/src/main/java/androidx/media3/effect/DefaultFrameDroppingShaderProgram.java
+++ b/libraries/effect/src/main/java/androidx/media3/effect/DefaultFrameDroppingShaderProgram.java
@@ -22,14 +22,17 @@ import static java.lang.Math.abs;
 import android.content.Context;
 import androidx.annotation.Nullable;
 import androidx.media3.common.C;
+import androidx.media3.common.GlObjectsProvider;
 import androidx.media3.common.GlTextureInfo;
 import androidx.media3.common.VideoFrameProcessingException;
+import androidx.media3.common.util.GlUtil;
+import androidx.media3.common.util.Size;
 
 /**
- * Drops frames by only queuing input frames that are chosen by the frame dropping strategy.
+ * Drops frames by only making selected frames available to the {@link OutputListener}.
  *
- * <p>The strategy used is to queue the current frame, x, with timestamp T_x if and only if one of
- * the following is true:
+ * <p>The current frame, x, with timestamp T_x is {@linkplain OutputListener#onOutputFrameAvailable
+ * made available to the output listener} if and only if one of the following is true:
  *
  * <ul>
  *   <li>x is the first frame,
@@ -40,12 +43,16 @@ import androidx.media3.common.VideoFrameProcessingException;
  * the next frame. The target frame interval is determined from {@code targetFps}.
  */
 /* package */ final class DefaultFrameDroppingShaderProgram extends FrameCacheGlShaderProgram {
+
+  private final GlObjectsProvider glObjectsProvider;
+  private final boolean useHdr;
   private final long targetFrameDeltaUs;
 
-  @Nullable private GlTextureInfo previousTexture;
   private long previousPresentationTimeUs;
   private long lastQueuedPresentationTimeUs;
-  private boolean isPreviousFrameFirstFrame;
+  private int framesReceived;
+  // A temporary texture owned by this class, separate from the outputTexturePool.
+  @Nullable private GlTextureInfo previousTexture;
 
   /**
    * Creates a new instance.
@@ -53,44 +60,107 @@ import androidx.media3.common.VideoFrameProcessingException;
    * @param context The {@link Context}.
    * @param useHdr Whether input textures come from an HDR source. If {@code true}, colors will be
    *     in linear RGB BT.2020. If {@code false}, colors will be in linear RGB BT.709.
-   * @param targetFps The number of frames per second the output video should roughly have.
+   * @param targetFrameRate The number of frames per second the output video should roughly have.
    */
-  public DefaultFrameDroppingShaderProgram(Context context, boolean useHdr, float targetFps)
+  public DefaultFrameDroppingShaderProgram(Context context, boolean useHdr, float targetFrameRate)
       throws VideoFrameProcessingException {
     super(context, /* capacity= */ 1, useHdr);
-    this.targetFrameDeltaUs = (long) (C.MICROS_PER_SECOND / targetFps);
+    this.useHdr = useHdr;
+    this.targetFrameDeltaUs = (long) (C.MICROS_PER_SECOND / targetFrameRate);
     lastQueuedPresentationTimeUs = C.TIME_UNSET;
     previousPresentationTimeUs = C.TIME_UNSET;
+    glObjectsProvider = new DefaultGlObjectsProvider(/* sharedEglContext= */ null);
   }
 
   @Override
   public void queueInputFrame(GlTextureInfo inputTexture, long presentationTimeUs) {
-    if (previousTexture == null) {
-      super.queueInputFrame(inputTexture, presentationTimeUs);
-      lastQueuedPresentationTimeUs = presentationTimeUs;
-      isPreviousFrameFirstFrame = true;
-    } else if (shouldQueuePreviousFrame(presentationTimeUs)) {
-      super.queueInputFrame(checkNotNull(previousTexture), previousPresentationTimeUs);
-      lastQueuedPresentationTimeUs = previousPresentationTimeUs;
-    } else {
-      inputListener.onInputFrameProcessed(checkNotNull(previousTexture));
-      inputListener.onReadyToAcceptInputFrame();
+    framesReceived++;
+    if (framesReceived == 1) {
+      copyTextureToPreviousFrame(inputTexture, presentationTimeUs);
+      queuePreviousFrame();
+      getInputListener().onInputFrameProcessed(inputTexture);
+      getInputListener().onReadyToAcceptInputFrame();
+      return;
     }
-    previousTexture = inputTexture;
-    previousPresentationTimeUs = presentationTimeUs;
+
+    if (shouldQueuePreviousFrame(presentationTimeUs)) {
+      queuePreviousFrame();
+    }
+
+    copyTextureToPreviousFrame(inputTexture, presentationTimeUs);
+    getInputListener().onInputFrameProcessed(inputTexture);
+    getInputListener().onReadyToAcceptInputFrame();
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void signalEndOfCurrentInputStream() {
+    super.signalEndOfCurrentInputStream();
+    reset();
   }
 
   @Override
   public void flush() {
     super.flush();
+    reset();
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void release() throws VideoFrameProcessingException {
+    super.release();
+    try {
+      if (previousTexture != null) {
+        previousTexture.release();
+      }
+    } catch (GlUtil.GlException e) {
+      throw new VideoFrameProcessingException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void reset() {
+    try {
+      if (previousTexture != null) {
+        previousTexture.release();
+      }
+    } catch (GlUtil.GlException e) {
+      onError(e);
+    }
     lastQueuedPresentationTimeUs = C.TIME_UNSET;
     previousPresentationTimeUs = C.TIME_UNSET;
-    previousTexture = null;
+    framesReceived = 0;
+  }
+
+  private void copyTextureToPreviousFrame(GlTextureInfo newTexture, long presentationTimeUs) {
+    try {
+      if (previousTexture == null) {
+        int texId = GlUtil.createTexture(newTexture.getWidth(), newTexture.getHeight(), useHdr);
+        previousTexture =
+            glObjectsProvider.createBuffersForTexture(
+                texId, newTexture.getWidth(), newTexture.getHeight());
+      }
+      GlTextureInfo previousTexture = checkNotNull(this.previousTexture);
+      if (previousTexture.getHeight() != newTexture.getHeight()
+          || previousTexture.getWidth() != newTexture.getWidth()) {
+        previousTexture.release();
+        int texId = GlUtil.createTexture(newTexture.getWidth(), newTexture.getHeight(), useHdr);
+        previousTexture =
+            glObjectsProvider.createBuffersForTexture(
+                texId, newTexture.getWidth(), newTexture.getHeight());
+      }
+
+      GlUtil.focusFramebufferUsingCurrentContext(
+          previousTexture.getFboId(), previousTexture.getWidth(), previousTexture.getHeight());
+      GlUtil.clearFocusedBuffers();
+      drawFrame(newTexture.getTexId(), presentationTimeUs);
+      previousPresentationTimeUs = presentationTimeUs;
+      this.previousTexture = previousTexture;
+    } catch (VideoFrameProcessingException | GlUtil.GlException e) {
+      onError(e);
+    }
   }
 
   private boolean shouldQueuePreviousFrame(long currentPresentationTimeUs) {
-    if (isPreviousFrameFirstFrame) {
-      isPreviousFrameFirstFrame = false;
+    if (framesReceived == 2) {
+      // The previous texture has already been queued when it's the first texture.
       return false;
     }
 
@@ -100,4 +170,27 @@ import androidx.media3.common.VideoFrameProcessingException;
     return abs(previousFrameTimeDeltaUs - targetFrameDeltaUs)
         < abs(currentFrameTimeDeltaUs - targetFrameDeltaUs);
   }
+
+  private void queuePreviousFrame() {
+    try {
+      GlTextureInfo previousTexture = checkNotNull(this.previousTexture);
+      Size outputTextureSize = configure(previousTexture.getWidth(), previousTexture.getHeight());
+      outputTexturePool.ensureConfigured(
+          outputTextureSize.getWidth(), outputTextureSize.getHeight());
+
+      // Focus on the next free buffer.
+      GlTextureInfo outputTexture = outputTexturePool.useTexture();
+
+      // Copy frame to fbo.
+      GlUtil.focusFramebufferUsingCurrentContext(
+          outputTexture.getFboId(), outputTexture.getWidth(), outputTexture.getHeight());
+      GlUtil.clearFocusedBuffers();
+
+      drawFrame(previousTexture.getTexId(), previousPresentationTimeUs);
+      getOutputListener().onOutputFrameAvailable(outputTexture, previousPresentationTimeUs);
+      lastQueuedPresentationTimeUs = previousPresentationTimeUs;
+    } catch (VideoFrameProcessingException | GlUtil.GlException e) {
+      onError(e);
+    }
+  }
 }
diff --git a/libraries/effect/src/main/java/androidx/media3/effect/SimpleFrameDroppingShaderProgram.java b/libraries/effect/src/main/java/androidx/media3/effect/SimpleFrameDroppingShaderProgram.java
index 0bf19ccb3a..b34350dbf8 100644
--- a/libraries/effect/src/main/java/androidx/media3/effect/SimpleFrameDroppingShaderProgram.java
+++ b/libraries/effect/src/main/java/androidx/media3/effect/SimpleFrameDroppingShaderProgram.java
@@ -59,8 +59,8 @@ import androidx.media3.common.VideoFrameProcessingException;
     if (framesReceived % n == 0) {
       super.queueInputFrame(inputTexture, presentationTimeUs);
     } else {
-      inputListener.onInputFrameProcessed(inputTexture);
-      inputListener.onReadyToAcceptInputFrame();
+      getInputListener().onInputFrameProcessed(inputTexture);
+      getInputListener().onReadyToAcceptInputFrame();
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/libraries/transformer/src/androidTest/java/androidx/media3/transformer/mh/FrameDropPixelTest.java b/libraries/transformer/src/androidTest/java/androidx/media3/transformer/mh/FrameDropPixelTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ec2d0296a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libraries/transformer/src/androidTest/java/androidx/media3/transformer/mh/FrameDropPixelTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package androidx.media3.transformer.mh;
+
+import static androidx.media3.common.VideoFrameProcessor.INPUT_TYPE_BITMAP;
+import static androidx.media3.common.util.Assertions.checkNotNull;
+import static androidx.media3.test.utils.BitmapPixelTestUtil.MAXIMUM_AVERAGE_PIXEL_ABSOLUTE_DIFFERENCE_DIFFERENT_DEVICE;
+import static androidx.media3.test.utils.BitmapPixelTestUtil.getBitmapAveragePixelAbsoluteDifferenceArgb8888;
+import static androidx.media3.test.utils.BitmapPixelTestUtil.maybeSaveTestBitmap;
+import static androidx.media3.test.utils.BitmapPixelTestUtil.readBitmap;
+import static com.google.common.truth.Truth.assertThat;
+
+import android.graphics.Bitmap;
+import androidx.media3.common.C;
+import androidx.media3.common.ColorInfo;
+import androidx.media3.common.VideoFrameProcessingException;
+import androidx.media3.common.VideoFrameProcessor;
+import androidx.media3.effect.DefaultVideoFrameProcessor;
+import androidx.media3.effect.FrameDropEffect;
+import androidx.media3.test.utils.VideoFrameProcessorTestRunner;
+import androidx.test.ext.junit.runners.AndroidJUnit4;
+import org.checkerframework.checker.nullness.qual.EnsuresNonNull;
+import org.checkerframework.checker.nullness.qual.MonotonicNonNull;
+import org.checkerframework.checker.nullness.qual.RequiresNonNull;
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+
+/**
+ * Tests to ensure {@link FrameDropEffect} outputs the correct frame associated with a chosen
+ * timestamp.
+ */
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+public class FrameDropPixelTest {
+  private static final String ORIGINAL_PNG_ASSET_PATH =
+      "media/bitmap/sample_mp4_first_frame/electrical_colors/original.png";
+  private static final String MEDIA3_TEST_PNG_ASSET_PATH =
+      "media/bitmap/input_images/media3test.png";
+  private static final String ROTATE_90_PNG_ASSET_PATH =
+      "media/bitmap/sample_mp4_first_frame/electrical_colors/rotate90.png";
+  private static final String SRGB_TO_ELECTRICAL_ORIGINAL_PNG_ASSET_PATH =
+      "media/bitmap/sample_mp4_first_frame/electrical_colors/srgb_to_electrical_original.png";
+  private static final String SRGB_TO_ELECTRICAL_MEDIA3_TEST_PNG_ASSET_PATH =
+      "media/bitmap/sample_mp4_first_frame/electrical_colors/srgb_to_electrical_media3test.png";
+
+  private @MonotonicNonNull TextureBitmapReader textureBitmapReader;
+  private @MonotonicNonNull VideoFrameProcessorTestRunner videoFrameProcessorTestRunner;
+
+  @EnsuresNonNull("textureBitmapReader")
+  @Before
+  public void setUp() {
+    textureBitmapReader = new TextureBitmapReader();
+  }
+
+  @After
+  public void tearDown() {
+    checkNotNull(videoFrameProcessorTestRunner).release();
+  }
+
+  @RequiresNonNull("textureBitmapReader")
+  @Test
+  public void frameDrop_withDefaultStrategy_outputsCorrectFramesAtTheCorrectPresentationTimesUs()
+      throws Exception {
+    String testId =
+        "frameDrop_withDefaultStrategy_outputsCorrectFramesAtTheCorrectPresentationTimesUs";
+    videoFrameProcessorTestRunner =
+        createDefaultFrameProcessorTestRunnerBuilder(
+            testId, FrameDropEffect.createDefaultFrameDropEffect(/* targetFrameRate= */ 30));
+
+    long expectedPresentationTimeUs1 = 0;
+    long expectedPresentationTimeUs2 = 32_000;
+    long expectedPresentationTimeUs3 = 71_000;
+    Bitmap chosenBitmap1 = readBitmap(ORIGINAL_PNG_ASSET_PATH);
+    Bitmap chosenBitmap2 = readBitmap(MEDIA3_TEST_PNG_ASSET_PATH);
+    Bitmap droppedFrameBitmap = readBitmap(ROTATE_90_PNG_ASSET_PATH);
+    queueOneFrameAt(chosenBitmap1, expectedPresentationTimeUs1);
+    queueOneFrameAt(droppedFrameBitmap, /* presentationTimeUs= */ 16_000L);
+    queueOneFrameAt(chosenBitmap2, expectedPresentationTimeUs2);
+    queueOneFrameAt(droppedFrameBitmap, /* presentationTimeUs= */ 48_000L);
+    queueOneFrameAt(droppedFrameBitmap, /* presentationTimeUs= */ 58_000L);
+    queueOneFrameAt(chosenBitmap1, expectedPresentationTimeUs3);
+    queueOneFrameAt(droppedFrameBitmap, /* presentationTimeUs= */ 86_000L);
+    videoFrameProcessorTestRunner.endFrameProcessing();
+
+    assertThat(textureBitmapReader.getOutputTimestamps())
+        .containsExactly(
+            expectedPresentationTimeUs1, expectedPresentationTimeUs2, expectedPresentationTimeUs3)
+        .inOrder();
+    assertThat(
+            getBitmapAveragePixelAbsoluteDifferenceArgb8888(
+                readBitmap(SRGB_TO_ELECTRICAL_ORIGINAL_PNG_ASSET_PATH),
+                textureBitmapReader.getBitmap(expectedPresentationTimeUs1),
+                testId))
+        .isAtMost(MAXIMUM_AVERAGE_PIXEL_ABSOLUTE_DIFFERENCE_DIFFERENT_DEVICE);
+    assertThat(
+            getBitmapAveragePixelAbsoluteDifferenceArgb8888(
+                readBitmap(SRGB_TO_ELECTRICAL_MEDIA3_TEST_PNG_ASSET_PATH),
+                textureBitmapReader.getBitmap(expectedPresentationTimeUs2),
+                testId))
+        .isAtMost(MAXIMUM_AVERAGE_PIXEL_ABSOLUTE_DIFFERENCE_DIFFERENT_DEVICE);
+    assertThat(
+            getBitmapAveragePixelAbsoluteDifferenceArgb8888(
+                readBitmap(SRGB_TO_ELECTRICAL_ORIGINAL_PNG_ASSET_PATH),
+                textureBitmapReader.getBitmap(expectedPresentationTimeUs3),
+                testId))
+        .isAtMost(MAXIMUM_AVERAGE_PIXEL_ABSOLUTE_DIFFERENCE_DIFFERENT_DEVICE);
+  }
+
+  @RequiresNonNull("textureBitmapReader")
+  @Test
+  public void frameDrop_withSimpleStrategy_outputsCorrectFramesAtTheCorrectPresentationTimesUs()
+      throws Exception {
+    String testId =
+        "frameDrop_withSimpleStrategy_outputsCorrectFramesAtTheCorrectPresentationTimesUs";
+    videoFrameProcessorTestRunner =
+        createDefaultFrameProcessorTestRunnerBuilder(
+            testId,
+            FrameDropEffect.createSimpleFrameDropEffect(
+                /* expectedFrameRate= */ 6, /* targetFrameRate= */ 2));
+    long expectedPresentationTimeUs1 = 500_000;
+    long expectedPresentationTimeUs2 = 1_500_000;
+    videoFrameProcessorTestRunner.queueInputBitmap(
+        readBitmap(ORIGINAL_PNG_ASSET_PATH),
+        /* durationUs= */ C.MICROS_PER_SECOND,
+        /* offsetToAddUs= */ 0L,
+        /* frameRate= */ 4);
+    videoFrameProcessorTestRunner.queueInputBitmap(
+        readBitmap(MEDIA3_TEST_PNG_ASSET_PATH),
+        /* durationUs= */ C.MICROS_PER_SECOND,
+        /* offsetToAddUs= */ C.MICROS_PER_SECOND,
+        /* frameRate= */ 2);
+    videoFrameProcessorTestRunner.endFrameProcessing();
+
+    assertThat(textureBitmapReader.getOutputTimestamps())
+        .containsExactly(expectedPresentationTimeUs1, expectedPresentationTimeUs2)
+        .inOrder();
+    Bitmap actualBitmap1 = textureBitmapReader.getBitmap(expectedPresentationTimeUs1);
+    maybeSaveTestBitmap(testId, /* bitmapLabel= */ "actual1", actualBitmap1, /* path= */ null);
+    Bitmap actualBitmap2 = textureBitmapReader.getBitmap(expectedPresentationTimeUs2);
+    maybeSaveTestBitmap(testId, /* bitmapLabel= */ "actual2", actualBitmap2, /* path= */ null);
+    assertThat(
+            getBitmapAveragePixelAbsoluteDifferenceArgb8888(
+                readBitmap(SRGB_TO_ELECTRICAL_ORIGINAL_PNG_ASSET_PATH), actualBitmap1, testId))
+        .isAtMost(MAXIMUM_AVERAGE_PIXEL_ABSOLUTE_DIFFERENCE_DIFFERENT_DEVICE);
+    assertThat(
+            getBitmapAveragePixelAbsoluteDifferenceArgb8888(
+                readBitmap(SRGB_TO_ELECTRICAL_MEDIA3_TEST_PNG_ASSET_PATH), actualBitmap2, testId))
+        .isAtMost(MAXIMUM_AVERAGE_PIXEL_ABSOLUTE_DIFFERENCE_DIFFERENT_DEVICE);
+  }
+
+  @RequiresNonNull("textureBitmapReader")
+  private VideoFrameProcessorTestRunner createDefaultFrameProcessorTestRunnerBuilder(
+      String testId, FrameDropEffect frameDropEffect) throws VideoFrameProcessingException {
+    VideoFrameProcessor.Factory defaultVideoFrameProcessorFactory =
+        new DefaultVideoFrameProcessor.Factory.Builder()
+            .setTextureOutput(
+                checkNotNull(textureBitmapReader)::readBitmapFromTexture,
+                /* textureOutputCapacity= */ 1)
+            .build();
+    return new VideoFrameProcessorTestRunner.Builder()
+        .setTestId(testId)
+        .setVideoFrameProcessorFactory(defaultVideoFrameProcessorFactory)
+        .setInputType(INPUT_TYPE_BITMAP)
+        .setInputColorInfo(ColorInfo.SRGB_BT709_FULL)
+        .setEffects(frameDropEffect)
+        .build();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Queues a {@link Bitmap} into the {@link VideoFrameProcessor} so that exactly one frame is
+   * produced at the given {@code presentationTimeUs}.
+   */
+  private void queueOneFrameAt(Bitmap bitmap, long presentationTimeUs) {
+    checkNotNull(videoFrameProcessorTestRunner)
+        .queueInputBitmap(
+            bitmap,
+            /* durationUs= */ C.MICROS_PER_SECOND,
+            /* offsetToAddUs= */ presentationTimeUs,
+            /* frameRate= */ 1);
+  }
+}
diff --git a/libraries/transformer/src/androidTest/java/androidx/media3/transformer/mh/TextureBitmapReader.java b/libraries/transformer/src/androidTest/java/androidx/media3/transformer/mh/TextureBitmapReader.java
index a7b76f6529..a0b3210488 100644
--- a/libraries/transformer/src/androidTest/java/androidx/media3/transformer/mh/TextureBitmapReader.java
+++ b/libraries/transformer/src/androidTest/java/androidx/media3/transformer/mh/TextureBitmapReader.java
@@ -27,9 +27,9 @@ import androidx.media3.common.util.Util;
 import androidx.media3.effect.DefaultVideoFrameProcessor;
 import androidx.media3.test.utils.BitmapPixelTestUtil;
 import androidx.media3.test.utils.VideoFrameProcessorTestRunner;
+import java.util.LinkedHashMap;
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.Set;
-import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
 import org.checkerframework.checker.nullness.qual.MonotonicNonNull;
 import org.checkerframework.checker.nullness.qual.Nullable;
 
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ public final class TextureBitmapReader implements VideoFrameProcessorTestRunner.
   private @MonotonicNonNull Bitmap outputBitmap;
 
   public TextureBitmapReader() {
-    outputTimestampsToBitmaps = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
+    outputTimestampsToBitmaps = new LinkedHashMap<>();
   }
 
   @Nullable
@@ -64,6 +64,7 @@ public final class TextureBitmapReader implements VideoFrameProcessorTestRunner.
     return checkStateNotNull(outputTimestampsToBitmaps.get(presentationTimeUs));
   }
 
+  /** Returns the timestamps in the order they were added. */
   public Set<Long> getOutputTimestamps() {
     return outputTimestampsToBitmaps.keySet();
   }